dat was dan dat

I 〈 aanwijzend voornaamwoord〉

1 [zelfstandig (gebruikt)] that

2 [bijvoeglijk] that

♦voorbeelden:

1   ben ik dat? • 〈 op foto〉 is that me?

     zo, denk je dat? • is that what you think?

     dat doet maar! • some people!

     zij heeft dat en dat gezegd • she said such and such

     dat is nog eens een man • there's a real man for you

     〈 als tegenwerping〉 dat is te zeggen • that is to say

     dat is het hem nu juist • that's just it, that's the problem

     ziezo, dat is/was dat • right, that's that (then), so much for that

     nou, dat is/was het dan • okay, that's that, that was it

     dat lijkt er meer op • that's more like it

     wat moet dat? • what's all this about?

     〈 als verklaring〉 dat wil zeggen • that is; 〈als afkorting: d.w.z.〉 i.e.

     wat zou dat? • what of it?

     zij zoeken alleen dat wat voordeel geeft • they only seek (whatever is to) their own advantage

     mijn boek en dat van jullie • my book and yours

2   〈 afkeurend〉 dat gezanik/gezeur • that (awful) nagging/complaining

     dat mens • that (dreadful) woman

¶   〈 met nadruk〉 het is niet je dat • it's not that great

     〈 met nadruk〉 niet dat bezitten • have nothing at all

II 〈 betrekkelijk voornaamwoord〉

1 [beperkend] that, which; 〈 met betrekking tot personen〉 that, who; 〈met betrekking tot personen; 3e en 4e naamval en onmiddellijk na voorzetsels; formeel〉 whom 〈in informeel stijl kan het betrekkelijk voornaamwoord vervallen behalve wanneer het het onderwerp is van de betrekkelijk bijzin〉

2 [uitbreidend] which; 〈 met betrekking tot personen〉 who; 〈met betrekking tot personen; 3e en 4e naamval en onmiddellijk na voorzetsels; formeel〉 whom

♦voorbeelden:

1   het bericht dat hij mij bracht … • the message (that/which) he brought me …

     het bericht dat mij gebracht werd … • the message that/which was brought me …

     het jongetje dat ik een appel heb gegeven • the little boy (that/who) I gave an apple to

     het kind dat net riep, is mijn zoon • the child that/who just called out is my son

     hier woont een meisje dat ik vroeger kende • a girl (that/who) I used to know lives here

2   het huis, dat onlangs opgeknapt was, werd verkocht • the house, which had recently been done up, was sold

————————

〈 voegwoord〉

1 [ter inleiding van een afhankelijke mededeling] that 〈 kan vaak vervallen〉

2 [met betrekking tot graadaanduidend gevolg] 〈zie voorbeelden 2〉

3 [met betrekking tot reden, oorzaak] that, because

4 [met betrekking tot doel] so that

5 [met betrekking tot beperking] as far as

6 [in uitroepen] 〈zie voorbeelden 6〉

♦voorbeelden:

1   zij kregen bericht dat hij niet op tijd zou zijn • they got a message (to say) that he would be late

     in plaats (van) dat je me het vertelt … • instead of telling me, you …

     de reden dat hij niet komt is … • the reason (why) he's not coming is …

     uit vrees dat • for fear that

     ik denk dat hij komt • I think (that) he'll come

     behalve dat • except that

     met dat hij … • 〈 tijdens〉 just as he …; 〈 onmiddellijk erna〉 the moment (that) he …

     zonder dat ik het wist • without me knowing

2   het vriest dat het kraakt • it's freezing (cold)

     〈 informeel〉 je liegt dat je barst! • you're a rotten liar

     zij zongen dat het een (lieve) lust was • they sang with great gusto

     het regende dat het goot • it was pouring (down)

     hij vloekte dat de honden er geen brood van lustten • he swore like a trooper

3   hij is kwaad, dat hij niet mee mag • he is angry that/because he can't come

     ben je ziek dat je zo bleek ziet? • don't you feel well, you look so pale

4   doe het zo, dat ik tevreden kan zijn • do it in such a way that I can be pleased with it

5   is ze handig, dat u weet? • is she any good as far as you know?

     is hier ook een bioscoop? niet dat ik weet • is there a cinema here? not that I know

6   smerig dat het er uit zag! • you should have seen how dirty it was!

     dat mij nu juist zoiets moest overkomen! • that such a thing should happen to me right now!

     stommeling dat je bent! • you stupid fool!

I 〈 aanwijzend voornaamwoord〉 〈 bijvoeglijk〉

1 ce 〈m.〉; cet 〈m., vóór klinker of stomme h〉; cette 〈v.〉

♦voorbeelden:

1   dat kind • cet enfant

     dat land • ce pays

     dat meisje • cette fille

II 〈 aanwijzend voornaamwoord〉 〈 zelfstandig〉

1 [bij nadruk op de tegenstelling of bij tegenstelling]celui-là, celle-là

2 [in combinatie met être]ce

3 [in combinatie met andere werkwoord] 〈 onderwerp〉 cela⇒ ça 〈 lijdend voorwerp〉 le, la ⇒ 〈 met nadruk〉cela, ça

4 [gevolgd door een voorzetselbepaling, meestal ingeleid door ‘van’]celui, celle

5 [gevolgd door een bijvoeglijke bijzin]ce

♦voorbeelden:

1   wil je dit boek of dat? • veux-tu ce livre-ci ou celui-là?

2   dit is de voorzitter en dat de secretaris • voici le président et voilà le secrétaire

     dat is nog eens een man • ça, c'est un homme

     wie is dat? • qui est-ce?

     ziezo, dat is dat • ça y est

3   dat doet maar! • ça fait comme chez soi!

     dat heb ik nooit gezegd • je n'ai jamais dit ça

     dat is te zeggen • cela, ça revient à dire

     nee, dat weet ik niet • ça, je ne (le) sais pas

     〈 inleiding tot een verklaring, omschrijving〉 dat wil zeggen • cela veut dire

     zij heeft dat en dat gezegd • elle a dit ça et ça

4   mijn boek en dat van jullie • mon livre et le vôtre

     jouw voorstel lijkt me beter dan dat van Paul • ta proposition me semble meilleure que celle de Paul

5   zij zoeken alleen dat wat voordeel geeft • ils ne cherchent que ce qui est avantageux

¶   ik heb een broek gekocht, maar hij is niet je dat • j'ai acheté un pantalon, mais ce n'est pas tout à fait ça

III 〈 betrekkelijk voornaamwoord〉

1 〈 als onderwerp in de Franse bijzin〉 qui, < als lijdend voorwerp en naamwoordelijk deel van het gezegde> que, <als meewerkend voorwerp, voorafgegaan door het voorzetsel ‘à’> qui

♦voorbeelden:

1   het kind dat ik was • l'enfant que j'étais

     het kind dat ik een gulden gegeven had • l'enfant à qui j'avais donné un florin

     het voorwerp dat in de vitrine lag • l'objet qui se trouvait dans la vitrine

     het voorwerp dat Jan gevonden had • l'objet que Jean avait trouvé

————————

〈 voegwoord〉

1 [een bijzin afhangend van een werkwoord inleidend] que

2 [omdat] parce que 〈+ aantonende wijs〉

♦voorbeelden:

1   hij beweert dat hij gelijk heeft • il prétend avoir raison

     ik denk dat hij komt • je pense qu'il viendra

2   hij is kwaad dat hij niet mee mag • il est furieux, parce qu'il ne peut pas nous accompagner

¶   de dag dat hij thuiskwam • le jour où il est rentré chez lui

     in het geval dat • au cas où 〈+ voorwaardelijke wijs〉

     de reden dat hij niet komt • la raison pour laquelle il ne vient pas

     het is tijd dat we een beslissing nemen • il est temps que nous prenions une décision

     gelopen dat hij heeft! • comme il a couru!

     dat hij leve! • qu'il vive!

     smerig dat het er was! • ce que c'était sale!

     doe het zo dat ik tevreden kan zijn • fais-le de façon que je sois content

     behalve dat • à part que

     zonder dat • sans que

     dat mij nu juist zo iets moest overkomen! • dire qu'il faut que ça m'arrive à moi!

     in plaats dat • au lieu que 〈+ aanvoegende wijs〉; au lieu de 〈+ onbepaalde wijs〉

voilà, c'est tout

adj. veel; veel meer; heel veel; op grote schaal

adv. veel; veel meer; heel veel; op grote schaal

n. veel; heel veel; grote hoeveelheid; op grote schaal

[ mutsj] 〈voornaamwoord; more [mo:], most [ moost]〉

1  veel

♦voorbeelden:

1   as much again • nog eens zoveel

     how much is it? • hoeveel is/kost het?

     the chapel is not much to look at • de kapel ziet er onooglijk uit

     it's not up to much • het stelt niet veel voor

     her contribution didn't amount to much • haar bijdrage was van weinig betekenis

¶ there isn't much in it • het maakt niet veel uit

     he said as much • dat zei hij met zoveel woorden; hij zei iets wat daarop neerkwam

     I thought as much • dat dacht ik al

     it was as much as I could do to … • ik had er mijn handen vol mee om …

     he's not much of a sportsman • hij is geen sportman, als sportman stelt hij niet veel voor

     so much for his high falutin' words • daarmee weten we wat we aan zijn mooie woorden hebben

     well, so much for that • dat was dan dat

     it is too much for me • het is meer dan ik (ver)dragen kan

→ bit bit/, make make/

————————

〈bijwoord; more, most〉

1 〈 graad〉 veel ⇒ zeer, erg

2 〈 duur en frequentie〉 veel ⇒ vaak, dikwijls, lang

3  ongeveer ⇒ bijna

♦voorbeelden:

1   she was much the oldest • zij was verreweg de oudste

     he was much pleased with it • hij was er erg mee ingenomen

     as much as \\td2 million • wel/(maar) liefst 2 miljoen dollar

     he didn't so much want to meet John as (to meet) John's sister • hij wilde niet zozeer John ontmoeten als (wel) Johns zuster

     much as he would have liked to go • hoe graag hij ook was gegaan

     much to my surprise • tot mijn grote verrassing

2   she didn't stay much • ze bleef niet lang

3   they were much the same size • ze waren ongeveer even groot

¶ so much for all my trouble • daar heb ik nu al die moeite voor gedaan

→ never never/

————————

〈determinator; more, most〉

1  veel

♦voorbeelden:

1   he uses as much paint as you do • hij gebruikt evenveel verf als jij

     not much use • niet erg bruikbaar

¶ so much rubbish • allemaal/niets dan nonsens

(-s, -ar), m.

1) kettle, cauldron;

2) hot spring (hverrinn var bæði heitr ok djúpr); holtriða h., ‘rock-cauldron’, cave.

1) interrog., used both substantively and adjectively, who, which, what? hverjar ero þær meyjar? who are these maids? h. á hestinn? who owns the horse? h. er þessi maðr? who is this man? hvern enda? what end?

2) indef. each, every one, as subst., with gen.; manna h., every man; fróðra h., every wise man; h. várr, each of us; as a., h. gumi, every man; hverjan or hvern dag, every day; as adv., í hverju, moment (veðrit óx í hverju);

3) any (fyrir útan hverja hjálp);

4) with the relat. part. ‘er’ or ‘sem’, whosoever, whichever (þá skulu þeir þegar drepa hann h. sem hann er);

5) with another pron. or adj; h. at öðrum, one after another (hverja nótt eptir aðra); at öðru hverju, every now and then, hverir tveir, every two and two; þriðja hvert ár, every three years (= á hverjum þremr árum); hverr … sinn, every one … his (hverr maðr í sínu rúmi);

6) relat. (rare), who, which.

* * *

m., pl. hverar:

I. a cauldron, boiler; hver kringlóttan af eiri, Stj. 564; heyrði til höddu er Þorr bar hverinn, Skálda 168, Hym. 1, 3, 5, 9, 13, 27, 33, 34, 36, 39 (of a boiler); hefja af hvera, Gm. 42, = mod. taka ofan pottinn; in Gkv. 3, 6, 9, 10, ketill and hver are synonymous: hver-gætir, m. a cauldron-keeper, cook, Am. 58: hvera-lundr, m. a cauldron groove, Vsp. 39: Hver-gelmir, m. local name of the northern Tartarus, the abyss, Edda.

II. metaph. in volcanic Icel. this word was taken to express the hot springs, and it is so used to the present day (in pl. often hverir), Sd. 191, Grett. 141 (hverar), Bs. i. 322, Ann. 1294, and freq. in local names. In the west the largest hverar are those in Reykjahólar, Eggert Itin. 382; in the north the Reykja-hver; Hvera-vellir in the wilderness Kjöl, 637; Reykjadals-hverar, among which the largest is the Uxa-hver, and Baðstofu-hver, 640, 641. In the east there are only a few, see Itin. 798; whereas the south is very rich in such springs, especially the neighbourhood of Haukadal (Geysir, Strokkr), see Ann. 1294; Grafar-hver, 890; Reykjaness-hverar, 895, (whence Hver-hólmr, the name of a holm); the springs in Krísuvík, 897; the hverar in Reykja-holt and Reykja-dalr: they are found even in glaciers, as in Torfa-jökull, 766.

COMPDS: hverafuglar, hverahella, hverahrúðr, hveraleir, hveraslý, hverasteinar, hveravatn, hvera-lundr in Vsp. an Icel. origin of this poem is suggested by Prof. Bergmann in his Poëmes Islandaises, Paris 1838, p. 183, as the verse seems to refer to volcanic agencies.

pron. interrog. and indef.; at the present day proncd. hvur, with u throughout, and in mod. printed books usually spelt hvör, a form no doubt derived from the dual hvárr (hvorr), used in a plur. sense: for its declension, see Gramm. p. xxi; an acc. hverjan, Hým. 39; hverjan morgin, Vsp. 22, Fb. ii. 71 (in a verse); hverjan dag, Vþm. 11, 18, 23, 41, Gm. 8, 14, 20, 29; hverjan veg, Vþm. 18; whence the contracted form hvern. [The Gothic has a threefold interrog. pron., a sing. hwas, hwo, hwa; a dual, hwaþar; and a plur. hwarjis, hwarja, hwarjata. To the first of these pronouns answers the old Icel. form hvar, A. S. hwa, Scot. who, Engl. who, Swed. ho, Dan. hvo, cp. Lat. quis; but this pronoun is defective, and remains only in the neut. hvat, q. v., Ulf. hwa, A. S. hwat, Engl. what, Germ. was, Dan.-Swed. hvad, Lat. quid: the dat. masc. hveim is obsolete, Goth. hvamme, Engl. whom, Dan. hvem: the dat. hví (see hvat II, III): a nom. masc. hvar (hva-r) seems to be used a few times in old MSS. (e. g. Kb. of the Grágás), but it is uncertain, as the word is usually abbreviated h^er or h^ur: a gen. sing. hves (Goth. hwes, North. E. whese) occurs, hves lengra, how much farther? Hom. (St.) 50; til hves, to what? 65: possibly the απ. λεγ. hós, Ls. 33, is a remnant of the old gen. To the Goth. dual answers the Icel. hvárr (hvaðarr), q. v. To the Goth. plur. answers the Icel. hverr, with characteristic j, which is used in sing. and plur. alike. In the neut. sing. the two forms, hvat and hvert, are distinguished thus, that hvat (hvað) is interrog., hvert indef., e. g. hvað barn, what bairn? but hvert barn, every bairn.]

A. Interrogative, = Lat. quis, quae, quid? who, what, which? as substantive and adjective, direct and indirect; hvers fregnit mik? Vsp. 22; hverjar ro þær meyjar? Vþm. 48; hverir æsir? 30, Fsm. 8, 34; hverr er sá enn eini? Fas. ii. 529; hverir hafa tekið ofan skjöldu vára? Nj. 68; hverju skal launa kvæðit? Ísl. ii. 230; hverr er sá maðr? Fms. ii. 269; telja til hvers hann hafði neytt eði hvers úneytt, Grág. i. 155; spyrja hverja þeir vilja kveðja, ii. 24; kveða á þingmörk hver eru, i. 100; (segja) hverjar guðsifjar með þeim eru, 30; hugsa til hvers þú munt færr verða, Fms. i. 83; vita hverr þú ert, ii. 269; vita hvert biðja skal, Edda; þeir þóttusk sjá til hvers aetlað var, Fms. ix. 461; eigi veit ek til hvers ek má ætla, Bs. i. 541; hón segir honum hvers efni í eru, how matters stood, 539; þeir vissu hverju hann ætlaði fram at fara, Fms. i. 291; hann segir hverrar ættar Ólafr var, 81; sögðu með hverju (erendi) þeir höfðu farit, Eg. 281.

2. with the notion of Lat. qualis; en hvat kemr þér í hug, hverr ( qualis) ek muna vera þeim Írum, ef? …, Fas. ii. 529; þeim þótti úsýnt hverr friðr gefinn væri, Fms. v. 24; sá einn veit, hverju geði styrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17.

B. Indefinite pronoun, = Lat. quisque, every one, each, used both as substantive and as adjective:

1. as subst.; with gen., þat sæti ætlaði sér hverr sona hans, Fms. i. 7; manna, seggja, lýða, gumna hverr, every one of the men, every man, Hm. 14, 17, 53–55, Sól. 49; fróðra hverr, every wise man, Hm. 7; ráðsnotra hverr, 63: absol., as in the sayings, hverr er sjálfum sér næstr; bærr er hverr at ráða sínu; djarfr er hverrum deildan verð; fróðr er hverr fregnvíss; hverr er sinnar hamingju smiðr; dauðr verðr hverr, Hallfred; hail er heima hverr, Hm.; kveðr hverr sinnar þurftar: lét harm þar tala um hvern þat er vildi, Eb. and passim: with a possess, pron., ef sér ferr hverr várr, each of us, Glúm. 329.

2. as adj., á hverju þingi, Hkr. ii. 300; hverjan dag, every day, Vsp., Vþm., Gm.; í hverri tíð, at any time, Hom. 112; hver undr, Fs. 115; hverjum manni, Nj. 6; meiri ok sterkari hverjum manni, Hkr. i. 148; hver spurning liítr til svara, Sks. 307; hverr gumi, Hm. 13, passim.

3. as adv., í hverju, evermore; veðrit óx í hverju, Fms. vi. 379; þykir harðna sambúðin í hverju, grew ever worse and worse, xi. 441; veðrit óx í hverri, Skáld. H. 4. 14.

II. any; fyrir utan hverja hjálp, Hom. 159: esp. if following after a compar., es meiri fögnuðr boðinn á þessi tíð en á hverri annarri, Hom. (St.); hefir þetta með meirum fádæmum gengit heldr en hvert annarra, Band. 33 new Ed.

III. adding the relat. particle er or sem, whosoever, whichsoever, whatsoever; hvers sem við þarf, Fms. i. 306; þá á þá sök hverr er vill, Grág. i. 10; hverr er svá er spakr, Hom. 2; hverju sinni er, whensoever, Str. 27 and passim.

IV. with another pron. or adj.; hverr at öðrum, one after another, Eg. 91, Fs. 158; hvert at öðru, Fas. ii. 556; hvert sumar frá öðru, Grág. i. 92; hverja nótt eptir aðra, Þiðr. 53, 150; at öðru hverju, now and then, adverbially; hverir tveir, every two and two, by twos, Fms. iv. 299; þriðja hvert ár, every three years, Fas. ii. 64; á hverjum þremr árum, id., Stj. 573; dag inn sjaunda hvern, K. ÞK.; þriðja hvert sumar, Landn. 299; annan hvern dag, níundu hverja nótt, Skm. 21, Nj. 190.

2. hverr … sinn, every … his; hverr maðr í sínu rúmi, Nj. 51; hverr sér, each separately; sér hverr, each in particular, every one; at serhverju hofi, at every single temple, Landn. 336 (App.); þó at ek greina eigi ser hvat, though I do not tell each thing in detail, Bs. i. 64; sérhverja atburði, 134; sérhverjum hlut, Fms. v. 333; sérhverjum þeirra, Nj. 256, Landn. 35, Sturl. ii. 175; sérhvern fingr, Fas. iii. 345; sérhvern mann, Fms. i. 149; allir ok sérhverir, all and several, i. e. everyone, Grág. ii. 36, 140, Eluc. 43, H. E. i. 468; einn ok sérhverr, one and all, every one, Skálda 161; hverr sem einn, each as one, all like one man, 165, Al. 91, 93, Barl. 40, Stj. 4; hvereinn, every one.

C. Relative, = Lat. qui, quae, quod, Engl. who, which, only in later writers of the end of the 13th and the 14th centuries, and since freq. in N. T., Vídal., Hymns; at first it was seldom used but with the particles er, at, as in Engl. who that …, which that …; þat herbergi, í hverju er …, in which that …, Stj.; takandi vátta, hverir at sóru fullan bókareið, Dipl. ii. 2; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at þekkr mun verða, Fms. v. 159 and passim: singly, tvær jarðir, hverjar svá heita, Dipl. v. 27; Guðs orð, hver frjófgask munu, Fms. v. 159; Gerhardus, hverr með fögrum píslar-sigri fór brott, Mar.; með hverjum hann hugar-prýði vann, Fb. iii. 567.

(dat. höfði, gen. pl. höfða), n.

1) head (höggva höfuð af e-m);

láta e-n höfði skemmra, to behead one;

strjúka aldrei um frjálst höfuð, to be never free, never at ease;

skera e-m höfuð, to make a wry face at one;

heita í höfuð e-m, to be called after a person;

hætta höfði, to risk one’s life;

leggja við höfuð sitt, to stake one’s head;

fœra e-m höfuð sitt, to surrender oneself to an enemy;

drepa niðr höfði, to droop the head;

þoku hóf af höfði, the fog lifted;

stíga yfir höfuð e-m, to overcome one;

hlaða helium að höfði e-m, to leave one dead on the spot;

ganga milli bols ok höfuðs e-s or á e-m, to hew of one’s head, to kill outright;

senda e-n til höfuðs e-m, to send one to take another’s head;

leggja fé til höfuðs e-m, to set a price on one’s head;

leggjast e-t undir höfuð, to put aside, neglect (Þ. lagðist eigi þessa ferð undir höfuð);

vera höfði hærri, to be taller by a head;

2) head, chief (höfuð lendra manna);

Þrándheimr hefir lengi verið kallaðr höfuð Noregs, the chief district of Norway;

3) ornamental prow of a ship (skip með gyltum höfðum);

ornamental head on a bridle (slitnaði sundr beizlit, ok týndist höfuð, er á var).

* * *

n., dat. höfði; gen. pl. höfða, dat. höfðum; in Norse MSS. often spelt hafuð, Anecd. 4 (without umlaut); the root-vowel seems in very early times (8th century) to have been a diphthong; thus Bragi uses the rhymes, laufi—haufði, and rauf—haufuð, Edda; the old ditty with a half rhyme, höfðu vér í haufði, Hkr. i. 104, wou’d be faulty unless we accept a diphthong in the latter word: in good old MSS. (e. g. Sæm. Cod. Reg.) the word is always spelt with ꜹ or au, never o, and probably never had a diphthongal sound; the Norse spelling havuð however points to a short vowel; and later Icel. MSS. spell o or , e. g. Hb. in Vsp. l. c. It is probable that the short vowel originated in the contracted form, as haufði sounds hard; [cp. Goth. haubiþ; A. S. heâfod; Engl. head; Hel. hôbid; O. H. G. houpit; mid. H. G. houbet; mod. G. haupt; Dan. hôved; Swed. hufvud; Ormul. hæfedd (the single f marks a preceding long vowel); thus all old Teut. languages except the Icel. agree in the length of the vowel, whereas Lat. căput, Gr. κεφαλή have a short root vowel.]

A. A head, Vsp. 38, Sdm. 14, Vþm. 19, Þkv. 16, 19, Skm. 23, Nj. 19, 275, Grág. ii. 11, Fms. x. 381, Eg. 181, Edda 59, passim; mátti svá at kveða, at náliga væri tvau höfuð á hverju kvikendi, Hrafn. 22 (of a great increase in stock); Grímr rakaði bratt fé saman, vóru tvau höfuð á hvívetna því er hann átti, Ísl. ii. 14.

II. phrases and sayings, láta höfði skemra, to make one a head shorter, behead, Hým. 15, Fm. 34; strjúka aldrei frjálst höfuð, to stroke never a free head, be never free, never at ease; (sagði) at þeir mundi aldrei um frjálst höfuð strjúka, er vinir hans væri, meðan Þórðr væri höfðingi í Ísafirði, Sturl. ii. 124; eg má aldrei um frjálst höfuð strjúka, I never have any time to spare; sitja aldrei á sárs höfði, to be always quarrelling; skera e-m höfuð, to make a wry face at one, Grett. 17; heita í höfuðit e-m, to be called after a person; hón jós sveininn vatni ok kvað hann skyldu heita í höfuð föður sínum, ok var hann kallaðr Gestr, Bárð. 24 new Ed.: the mod. usage distinguishes between heita í höfuð á e-m, when a person is alive when the child was born, and heita eptir e-m, when that person is dead; halda höfði, to hold one’s head up, Flóv. 43, Og.; bera hátt höfuð, to bear one’s head high, Sturl. iii. 147, Sighvat; hefja höfuðs, to lift one’s head, Thom. 535; drepa niðr höfði, to droop one’s head, Bs. i. 625; þoku hóf af höfði, the fog lifted, Ld. 74; búa hvárr í annars höfði, to be at loggerheads, Sks. 346; fara huldu höfði, to go with a hidden head, in disguise, to hide oneself, Fms. vi. 12; færa e-m höfuð sitt, to surrender oneself to an enemy, Eg. ch. 62, 63, Fms. x. 261; stíga yfir höfuð e-m, to pass over one’s head, overcome one, 304; er á engri stundu örvænt nær elli stígr yfir h. mér, Eb. 332; hlaða hellum at höfði e-m, to leave one dead on the spot, Dropl. 18; ganga milli bols ok höfuðs, ‘to gang between bole and head,’ i. e. to kill outright, Eb. 240; hætta höfði, to risk one’s head, Hm. 106; leggjask e-t undir höfuð, to lay under one’s pillow, to put aside; leggjask ferð undir höfuð, Fær. 132, Orkn. 46; þú munt verða fátt undir höfuð at leggjask ef ek skal við þér taka, Sturl. i. 27; vera höfði hærri, to be a head taller, Fms. x. 381; setja höfuð á höfuð ofan, to set head upon head, Bs. i. 73, (viz. to consecrate a second bishop to a see, which was against the eccl. law); cp. kjósa annan konung í höfuð Davíð, Sks. 801.

III. in a personal sense, in poets, a person, = Lat. caput, Gr. κάρα, κεφαλή; fárgjarnt höfuð, thou fearful woman! Fas. ii. 556; hraustara höfuð, a bolder man, 315; berjask við eitt höfuð, 49; heiptrækt höfuð, Ýt. 25; andprútt höfuð, high-minded man! Sighvat; tírar h., glorious man; leyfðar h., id., Geisli 56; vina höfuð = cara capita, Bm. 2; frænda höfuð, kinsmen, Skáld H. 3. 40; hvarfúst h., thou fickle woman! Hel. 2.

2. a number, tale, head, of animals; fádygt höfuð, of a fox, Merl. 1. 39: head, of cattle, þeir eiga at gjalda þingfarar-kaup, er skulda-hjóna hvert hefir höfuð, kú skuldalausa eða kúgildi, Grág. (Kb.) i. 159, referring to the old way of taxation, which is still the law in Icel., that a freeholder has to pay tax (skattr) only if he has more head of cattle (kúgildi, q. v.), than persons to support.

IV. a head, chief; höfuð lendra manna, Fms. vii. 273; h. ok höfðingi, Stj. 457; Þrándheimr er h. Noregs, Fms. vi. 38; höfuð allra höfuð-tíða (gen.), Leiðarvís. 23.

V. of head-shaped things:

1. a beak, of a ship; með gylltum höfðum, Fms. viii. 385, x. 10, 417, passim; dreka-höfuð, q. v.: the beak was usually a dragon’s head, sometimes a bison’s, Ó. H.; a steer’s, Landn. 5. ch. 8; or it was the image of a god, e. g. of Thor, Fms. ii. 325, (Ó. T. ch. 253); or of a man, Karl-höfði, Ó. H., the ship of St. Olave; cp. the interesting passage, þat var upphaf enna heiðnu laga, at menn skyldu eigi hafa höfuðskip í hafi, en ef þeir hefði, þá skyldi þeir af taka höfuð áðr þeir kæmi í lands-sýn, ok sigla eigi at landi með gapandum höfðum eðr gínandi trjónum, svá at landvættir fældisk við, Landn. (Hb.) 258, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse), vii. 51 (in a verse). 2. the capital of a pillar, Al. 116, Fb. i. 359 (of tent poles): of carved heads in a hall, sér þú augun útar hjá Hagbarðs-höfðinu? Korm. ch. 3: heads of idols carved on chairs, Fbr. ch. 38: carved heads on high-seats, Eb. ch. 4: that these figures sometimes represented fairies or goddesses is shewn by the word brúða (q. v.) and stólbrúða; heads of bedsteads seem to have been carved in a similar way; cp. also Korm. 86, see tjasna.

3. the head-piece of a bridle; týndi maðr höfði á beisli því er görsema-vel var gört, Bs. i. 314, v. l.; the head of a rake, hrífu-h., etc.

COMPDS: höfðabúza, höfðafjöl, höfðalag, höfðaskip, höfðatal, höfðatala, höfuðband, höfuðbani, höfuðbein, höfuðburðr, höfuðbúnaðr, Höfuðdagr, höfuðdúkr, höfuðfaldr, höfuðfatnaðr, höfuðfetlar, höfuðgerð, höfuðgjarnt, höfuðgull, höfuðhlutr, höfuðhögg, höfuðlausn, höfuðlauss, höfuðleðr, höfuðlín, höfuðmein, höfuðmikill, höfuðmundr, höfuðórar, höfuðrót, höfuðsár, höfuðskél, höfuðskip, höfuðskjálfti, höfuðsmátt, höfuðsnauðr, höfuðsótt, höfuðsteypa, höfuðsundl, höfuðsvími, höfuðsvörðr, höfuðtíund, höfuðverkr, höfuðvíti, höfuðvörðr, höfuðþváttr, höfuðþyngsl, höfuðærr, höfuðærsl.

B. Chief, capital, found like the Gr. ἀρχι- in countless COMPDS: höfuðatriði, höfuðá, höfuðárr, höfuðátt, höfuðbarmr, höfuðbaðmr, höfuðbarmsmaðr, höfuðbaugr, höfuðbenda, höfuðbiti, höfuðbitarúm, höfuðblót, höfuðborg, höfuðból, höfuðbæli, höfuðbær, höfuðdrottning, höfuðefni, höfuðengill, höfuðfaðir, höfuðfirn, höfuðfól, höfuðgersemi, höfuðgjöf, höfuðglæpr, höfuðgoð, höfuðgrein, höfuðgæfa, höfuðhátíð, höfuðhetja, höfuðhof, höfuðinnihald, höfuðísar, höfuðíþrótt, höfuðkempa, höfuðkennimaðr, höfuðkirkja, höfuðklerkr, höfuðkonungr, höfuðkostr, höfuðkvöl, höfuðlist, höfuðlýti, höfuðlæknir, höfuðlærdómr, höfuðlöstr, höfuðsmaðr, höfuðmeistari, höfuðmerki, höfuðmusteri, höfuðnafn, höfuðnauðsyn, höfuðniðjar, höfuðprestr, höfuðráð, höfuðráðgjafi, höfuðskáld, höfuðskepna, höfuðskutilsvein, höfuðskömm, höfuðskörungr, höfuðsmiðr, höfuðspekingr, höfuðstaðr, höfuðstafn, höfuðstafr, höfuðstjarna, höfuðstóll, höfuðstólpi, höfuðstyrkr, höfuðsynd, höfuðsæti, höfuðtunga, höfuðvápn, höfuðveizla, höfuðvél, höfuðvindr, höfuðvinr, höfuðþing, höfuðætt.

(dat. Óðni), m. Odin.

* * *

m., dat. Óðni; [A. S. Wodan; O. H. G. Wodan, in the Old High German song Phol ende Wodan vuoron zi holza; in the Norse the w is dropped, whence Odinn]:—Odin, Wodan, the name of the founder of the ancient Northern and Teutonic religion, who was afterwards worshipped as the supreme god, the fountain-head of wisdom, the founder of culture, writing, and poetry, the progenitor of kings, the lord of battle and victory; so that his name and that of Allföðr (Allfather, the father of gods and men) were blended together. For Odin as an historical person see esp. Yngl. S., the first chapters of which were originally written by Ari the historian, who himself traced his pedigree back to Odin. For the various tales of Odin as a deity see the Edda and the old poems; for the legends explaining how Odin came by his wisdom, how he was inspired, how he pawned his eye in the well of Mimir, see Vsp. 22; how he hung in the world-tree Yggdrasil, Hm. 139 sqq.; and the most popular account, how he carried away the poetical mead from the giant Suptung, etc., see Hm. 104–110. and Edda 47–49; for his travelling in disguise in search of wisdom among giants and Norns, Vþm., Gm., Vsp. For Odin’s many names and attributes see Edda (Gl.) The greatest families, the Ynglings in Sweden, Skjöldungs in Denmark, and the Háleygir in Norway, traced their pedigrees back to Odin, see the poems Ýt., Ht., Langfeðgatal. In translations from the Latin, Odin was, strangely enough, taken to represent Mercury; thus, kölluðu þeir Pál Óðin, en Barnabas Þór, they called Paul Odin, but Barnabas they called Thor, is an ancient rendering of Acts xiv. 12, cp. Clem., Bret., and passim. This seems to have originated with the Romans themselves; for Tacitus says, ‘deorum maxime Mercurium colunt,’ by which he can only mean Wodan; the Romans may have heard the German tales of Wodan’s wonderful travels, his many assumed names and disguises, his changes of shape, his eloquence, his magical power,—tales such as abound in the Edda,—and these might make the Romans think of the Greek legends of Hermes: accordingly, when the planetary week days were adopted from the Lat., ‘dies Mercurii’ was rendered into A. S. by Wodansdäg, in Engl. Wednesday, in Dan. Onsdag, in Norse Óðins-dagr, Orkn. 386, Fms. ix. 282: Óðins-nótt, f. Wednesday night, N. G. L. i. 17. Óðins-hani, a, m. a bird, tringa hyperborea, or the phalaropus cinereus, or the red phalarope, see Fjölnir viii, Faber, Edda (Gl.)

II. Northern local names, Óðins-vé, n. the sanctuary of Odin = Odense in Fünen in Denmark, Knytl. S.: Óðins-salr, m. in Norway. Munch’s Norg. Beskr. 79: Óðins-lundr, m. Odin’s grove. In a single instance Athens is rendered by Óðins-borg, and the Athenians by Óðins-borgar-menn, Post. 645. 90; the name can only have been formed from the Greek name pronounced with the th sound, perhaps by the Northmen at Constantinople, who may have associated the name, thus sounded, with Odin’s supposed travels from the east to Sweden, and his halts at various places, which were afterwards called after him, as recorded in Yngl. S. As a pr. name, Othen villicus, Dipl. Arna-Magn. (Thorkelin) i. 23; Oden Throndsson, D. N. iv. 756, 764; Ódin-dís, f., Baut., but very rare. It is noteworthy that the name of Odin is, in the old poets, hardly ever used as appellative in poët. circumlocutions of a ‘man;’ málm-Óðinn is a απ. λεγ. = warrior.

(dat. kögri, pl. kögrar), m. a quilt with fringe, counterpane.

* * *

m., dat. kögri, pl. kögrar:—a quilt with fringe, a counterpane; hann lét göra grind um legstaðinn ok breiða yfir kögur, Fms. viii. 237; er leg hans í miðju kirkju-gólfi, ok breiddr yfir kögurr, Hkr. iii. 376, Fms. x. 128, 150: of a church inventory, kögrar þrír, Dipl. iii. 4, Pm. 34: a bed-cover, hann bjó þegar rekkju ok yfir breiddi einn kagur, Str. 45; sonr á setklæði öll, … bekk-klæði ok kögra, N. G. L. i. 211; kögur ok handklæði, Vm. 92: of dress, vaða ok væta kögur minn, Hbl. 13: the vellum has gur, but the emendation into kögur is received by Editors; and is made certain by ‘kögur-sveinn’ in the same verse; but the sense and origin of kögurr in this place have been missed by the interpreters. It is indeed a well-known Teut. word. A. S. cocur, O. H. G. chochar. Germ. kocher, Dutch koker; the Dan. kogger is prob. borrowed from the Germ., as is the Icel. koffur from Luther’s Bible; once on a time it was also a Scandin. word, which was since displaced by the compounded örva-malr or ör-malr, q. v.; this passage being the only place where it occurs in an uncompounded form, but it remains in kögur-sveinn, a quiver-boy, who carried the hunter’s quiver (?); and in kögur-barn, Norse kogge-barn. Prof. Bergmann has, with his usual insight in Eddic matters, divined the sense when he says, p. 123, ‘über den Sund zu schwimmen und dabei seinen feurigen Donner-und blitz-keil, … im Wasser zu netzen und abzukühlen.’ The fact is, Thor is here represented carrying a quiver full of thunder-bolts on his back, and so the poet makes the mighty thunder-god stop at the Sound, embarrassed, and begging to be ferried over, as he could not wade over from fear of wetting his quiver and quenching the fire, for he must ‘keep his powder dry:’ although in Gm. and Þd. Thor is not much afraid of the water. Whether kögurr, a quilt, be any relation to kögurr, a quiver, we cannot tell, prob. not; if so, this word should be placed under a separate head; in mod. usage of fringe or fringed cloth: a nickname, Landn.; munu jarðlýsnar synir Gríms kögurs, verða mér at bana? 146: botan. the thyrsus, Hjalt.

(dat. lyngvi), n. ling, heather.

* * *

n., dat. lyngvi, Fm. 21, 28, 29, mod. lyngi; gen. pl. lyngva, Fms. v. 234 (in a verse), Eg. (in a verse); [A. S. and Engl. ling; Dan. lyng]:—ling, heather, not only in the English sense, but also of whortle on which berries grow; lyng is smaller than hrís, q. v.; skríða um lyng, Fms. vii. 251; lyng mikit var par ok ber á, there was much bush with berries on, O. H. L. 67, and so in mod. usage; whence hrútaberja-lyng, bláberja-lyng.

COMPDS: lyngáll, lyngbakr, lyngfiskr, lynghnappa, lynghæns, lyngormr, lyngrif, lyngrunnr, lyngyrmlingr.

I 〈de〉

1 [bron] spring ⇒ well

II 〈 het〉

1 [het goede] welfare, well-being

♦voorbeelden:

1   zijn wel en wee • his fortunes

     's levens wel en wee • the vicissitudes of life

————————

I 〈 bijwoord〉

1 [om een bevestiging uit te drukken] 〈zie voorbeelden 1〉

2 [om een ontkenning tegen te spreken] 〈zie voorbeelden 2〉

3 [goed, juist] well

4 [nogal] rather, quite

5 [vermoedelijk] probably

6 [weliswaar] 〈zie voorbeelden 6〉

7 [om bereidwilligheid uit te drukken] 〈zie voorbeelden 7〉

8 [ter geruststelling] 〈zie voorbeelden 8〉

9 [ter vermaning] 〈zie voorbeelden 9〉

10 [om aan te duiden dat er sprake is van een grote hoeveelheid] 〈 met enkelvoud〉 as much as; 〈 met meervoud〉 as many as; 〈 met bijwoord van frequentie〉 as often as

11 [minstens] at least, just as

12 [al] 〈zie voorbeelden 12〉

13 [om nieuwsgierigheid uit te drukken] 〈zie voorbeelden 13〉

14 [ter nuancering] rather

15 [in verbinding met ‘en’, na een bijvoeglijk naamwoord] [helemaal] completely, all

16 [na een zelfstandig naamwoord; om aan te geven dat de genoemde zaak of persoon ongewone kenmerken heeft] quite (a)

♦voorbeelden:

1   ik heb je wel gezien! • I saw you!

     heeft hij het wel gedaan? • did he really do it?

     hij komt wel • he will come (all right)

     dat mag wel • that's all right/allowed

     hij moet wel • he's got to

     kom jij? misschien wel! • will you come?, I might!

     ik geloof van wel • I think so

     hij zegt van wel! • he says yes, he has/will/can 〈enz.〉

2   het is wél waar • but it ís true

     ‘ik doe het niet’, ‘je doet het wel!’ • ‘I won't do it’, ‘oh yes you will!’

     jij wil niet? ik wel! • you don't want to? well I do!

     wat deed hij dan wel? • what díd he do, then?

     wat wel en niet mag • 〈 ook〉 do's and don'ts

     meer wel dan niet • more often than not

     liever wel dan niet • as soon as not

     niet(es)! wél(les) • 〈 Brits-Engels〉 'tisn't! 'tis!; 〈 Amerikaans-Engels〉 it isn't, it is so/too!; 〈 afhankelijk van werkwoord in voorafgaande zin〉 didn't! did!

     als hij het niet weet, wie dan wel? • if he doesn't know, who does?

3   als ik het wel heb • if I'm not mistaken

     als ik me wel herinner • if I remember correctly

     en (dat) nog wel op zondag • and on a Sunday, too!

4   het was wel aardig • it was all right

     ‘hoe is het ermee?’ ‘het gaat wel’ • ‘how are you?’ ‘all right’

     ik mag haar wel • I rather like her

     ik mag dat wel • I quite like that

     het kan er wel mee door • it'll do

5   het zal wel lukken • it'll work out (all right)

     dat zal wel niet • I suppose not

     je zult wel denken • what will you think?

     we kunnen nu wel zeggen dat hij de winnaar is • we can assume he's the winner

     hij zal het wel niet geweest zijn • I don't think it was him

     dat kan wel (zijn) • that may be (so)

     hij zal nu wel in bed liggen • he'll be in bed by now

     dat zal wel • I suppose so; 〈 ironisch〉 a likely story!

6   dat is wel juist, maar … • true enough, but …

     Jaap heeft het wel gezegd, maar … • Jaap did say so, but …

     dát wel • granted, agreed

7   hij wou wel • he was all for it

     laat maar, ik ga wel/ik doe het wel • never mind, I'll go/I'll do it

8   maak je maar geen zorgen, hij redt zich wel • don't worry, he'll manage

     het gaat wel weer over • it'll pass

9   zo is het wel genoeg • that's (about) enough; 〈 ook ironisch〉 that'll do (thank you)

     weet je wel wat dat kost! • do you know what it costs!

     wil je wel eens luisteren! • will you just listen (to me)!

10  dat kost wel 100 gulden • it'll cost as much as 100 guilders

     Piet is wel 10 kilo afgevallen • Piet must have lost a good 10 kilos

     wat moet dat wel niet kosten • I hate to think what that costs

     wel twee keer per week • as often as twice a week

11  dat is wel zo leuk • it's much nicer that way

     dat is wel zo makkelijk • it would be a lot easier that way

     het lijkt me wel zo verstandig • it seems sensible to me

     wel een week later • a full week later

12  dat dacht ik wel • I thought as much

     dat heb ik wel gezegd • I told you so (didn't I?)

     dat zeggen er wel meer • they all say that

13  wat zullen de mensen er wel van zeggen? • what'll people say?

14  och, ik mag hem wel • oh, I think he's all right

     hij weet wel degelijk dat … • he knows very well that …

     je kent Piet toch wel? • you know Piet, don't you?

     je hebt het toch wel vaker gedaan? • surely you've done that before

15  we zijn gezond en wel aangekomen • we arrived safe and sound

16  hij is me de bedrijfsleider wel • he calls himself a manager?

     dat was me het dagje wel • that was quite a day

¶   wel eens • once in a while; 〈 in vragende zin〉 ever

     dat komt wel eens voor • it happens at times

     heb je wel eens Japans gegeten? • have you ever eaten Japanese food?

     enkelen, en wel de rijksten, … • a few, (namely) the richest, …

     het kan niet, en wel omdat … • it's not possible, (and that) because …

II 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉

1 [formeel] [gezond] well

♦voorbeelden:

1   hij voelt zich niet wel • he doesn't feel well

¶   alles wel aan boord • all's well on board

————————

〈 tussenwerpsel〉

1 [met betrekking tot een vraag] well

2 [met betrekking tot verwondering] well, why

♦voorbeelden:

1   ik kon mijn les niet leren, jij wel? • I couldn't do my lessons, could you?

     wel? wat zeg je daarvan? • well? what do you say to that?

     wel? hoe denk jij erover? • so/well? how about it?

2   wel allemachtig! • well I'll be blowed!

     wel, wel! • well, well!; 〈 misprijzend ook〉 tut tut!

     wel, wel, wie hebben we daar! Jantje Smit! • (why) if it isn't John Smith!

¶   wel nee! • of course not!

     wel ja! • yes of course!; 〈 ironisch〉 come off it!

I 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉

1 [geringer] less ⇒ smaller

2 [inferieur] inferior ⇒ lower

3 [geringer van betekenis] minor

4 [slechter] worse

♦voorbeelden:

1   er was minder vraag • demand was down

     minder worden • decrease, diminish 〈 aanbod, aantal, vraag e.d.〉

     ik doe het niet voor minder • I won't do it for less

2   ze wordt er niet minder om • that won't affect her reputation

     het niet met minder (willen) doen • refuse to do with less

3   de regen wordt minder • the rain is easing off

4   het is/smaakt er niet minder om • it is/tastes none the worse for it

     mijn ogen worden minder • my eyesight is failing

     het wordt minder met de omzet/service/kwaliteit • the turnover/service/quality gets worse

     minder dan 〈 in kwaliteit〉 • inferior to

II 〈 bijwoord〉

1 [van graad/wijze/modaliteit] less

♦voorbeelden:

1   dat was minder geslaagd • that was less successful

     minder gaan roken • cut down on smoking

     het zijn minder de commentaren dan de sensatieverhalen die de aandacht trekken • it is the sensational stories rather than the comments that attract the attention

     hoe minder erover gezegd wordt, hoe beter • the less said about it the better

     kan het wat minder? • keep it down, please!

————————

〈 telwoord〉

1  less 〈 met niet-telbaar naamwoord〉; fewer 〈 met telbaar naamwoord〉

♦voorbeelden:

1   een paar dagen minder • fewer days

     hij heeft niet veel geld, maar nog minder verstand • he has little money and even less intelligence

     dat is er weer één minder • that'll be one less

     het is iets minder, mag dat? • it's a little less, is that all right?

     niets minder dan dat • nothing less than that

     in minder dan geen tijd was hij terug • he was back in less than no time

     vijf minuten meer of minder • give or take five minutes

     groepen van negen en minder • groups of nine and under

     in minder dan twee weken na hun huwelijk • within two weeks of their wedding

     niemand minder dan … • none other than …

     net iets minder dan 100 gulden/30 seconden • just under a hundred guilders/30 seconds

     niet minder dan 300 mensen • no less than 300 people

     weinig minder dan • something/little short of

I    〈 onovergankelijk werkwoord〉

1 zijn ⇒ bestaan

2 zijn, zich bevinden

3 zijn, plaatsvinden, gebeuren

4 afkomstig zijn, stammen

5 〈 met 3e naamval〉zijn van, toebehoren aan

♦voorbeelden:

1    〈 informeel〉 wie die Tatsachen nun mal sind • zoals de feiten nou eenmaal liggen

      das kann (doch) nicht sein! • dat kan (toch) niet!

      es hätte ja sein können • het had toch gekund

      kann, mag sein • dat kan, mag wel zijn

      was soll denn das sein? • wat moet dat (nou) voorstellen?

      alles, was war, ist und noch sein wird • in het verleden, heden en de toekomst

      ist nicht! • (a) hoe bestaat het!; (b) niets ervan!

      sei doch nicht so! • hè, toe nou!

      ich will mal nicht so sein • ik zal het dan maar doen

      wie könnte es auch sonst sein? • hoe kan, kon het ook anders?

      aus 4 Teilen sein • uit 4 delen bestaan

      〈 filosofie〉 das Seiende • het zijnde

2    (so,) da wären wir! • daar zijn we dan!

      〈regionaal; informeel〉 am Lesen sein • aan 't lezen zijn

      das Geld ist auf der Bank • het geld staat op de bank

      bei der Arbeit sein • aan het werk(en) zijn

      bei der Sache sein • erbij zijn (met zijn hoofd)

      bei sich sein • bij kennis zijn

      beim Lesen sein • aan 't lezen zijn, zitten (te) lezen

      ich war noch nie in Berlin • ik ben nog nooit in Berlijn geweest

      die Fenster sind nach dem Garten • de ramen kijken op de tuin uit

      ohne Geld sein • zonder geld zitten

3    heute ist kein Unterricht • vandaag is er geen les

      es braucht nicht sofort zu sein • het hoeft niet meteen (te gebeuren)

      das darf, soll nicht sein! • (a) dat mag niet!; (b) dat is toch zeker niet waar!

      etwas sein lassen • iets laten

      muss das sein? • moet dat nou?

      was sein muss, muss sein • wat moet, (dat) moet

      es hat nicht sein sollen • het heeft niet (zo) mogen zijn, wezen

      〈 in de winkel〉 was soll es denn sein? • wat zal, mag het zijn (voor u)?

      ist irgendetwas? • is er iets?

      das wird niemals sein! • dat zal nooit gebeuren!

      das war vor 2 Jahren • dat is twee jaar geleden (gebeurd)

4    woher ist der Wein? • waar komt die wijn vandaan?

      aus Griechenland sein • uit Griekenland komen

      von wem ist das? • van wie komt dat?

5    〈 formeel〉 ich bin dein • ik behoor jou toe

      welches Buch ist deins? • welk boek is van jou?

      das ist meins, 〈 informeel〉mir • dat is van mij

II   〈 onpersoonlijk werkwoord〉

1 zijn ⇒ wezen

2 zich voelen

♦voorbeelden:

1    so sei es denn! • het zij zo!

      es sei denn, dass … • tenzij …

      seis drum! • voor mijn part!

      sei es heute oder (sei es) morgen • vandaag of morgen, of het nou vandaag of morgen is

      dem sei, wie ihm wolle • hoe het ook zij

      dem ist leider nicht so • dat is helaas niet zo

      wie wäre es, wenn • wat zou je, zouden jullie ervan vinden als

      es ist an dem • dat is zo, dat klopt

      es ist an dir, etwas zu tun • het is aan jou, het is jouw taak iets te doen

2    ist dir etwas? • is er iets (met je aan de hand)?

      mir ist kalt • ik heb het koud

      mir ist schlecht • ik voel me niet goed

      mir ist schwindlig • ik ben duizelig

      mir ist nicht danach (zumute, zu Mute) • mijn hoofd staat er niet naar

      mir ist (so), als (ob) … • ik heb het gevoel dat …

      mir ist, als hätte ich etwas gehört • ik meen iets gehoord te hebben

III   〈 koppelwerkwoord〉

1 zijn

♦voorbeelden:

1    dabei ist zu beachten • daarbij dient er rekening mee gehouden te worden

      Hunde sind an der Leine zu führen • honden moeten worden aangelijnd

      〈 informeel〉 da ist nichts zu machen! • er is niets aan te doen!

      es ist nichts zu machen, tun • er hoeft niets te worden gedaan, er kan niets worden gedaan

      wenn ich du wäre • als ik jou was

      das wars, wärs (dann)! • dat was het dan (wel)!, dat was, is alles!

      du bist mir ja einer! • je bent me er (ook) eentje!

      nachher, am Ende will es keiner gewesen sein • uiteindelijk heeft niemand het gedaan

      sei es der Mann (oder) sei es die Frau • hetzij de man hetzij de vrouw

      nichts sein • niets bereikt hebben, het tot niets gebracht hebben

      (und) sei er (auch) noch so arm • ook al is hij nog zo arm

IV   〈 hulpwerkwoord〉

1 zijn

♦voorbeelden:

1    das wäre getan! • dat zit erop

————————

〈 bezittelijk voornaamwoord〉

1 zijn

2 Zijne ⇒ Uwe

♦voorbeelden:

1    〈 informeel〉 meinem Vater sein Hut • mijn vader zijn hoed

      das Buch kostet seine 30 Mark • dat boek kost toch wel 30 mark

      das Buch ist seine 30 Mark wert • het boek is die 30 mark (wel) waard

      〈 formeel〉 alles, was sein ist • al wat hem toebehoort

      das ist nicht unser Problem, sondern seins, 〈 formeel〉seines, das seine • dat is niet ons probleem, maar het zijne

      〈 formeel〉 sie wird die Seine, seine • ze wordt zijn vrouw

      die Seinen, seinen • de zijnen, zijn gezin

      〈 spreekwoord〉 jedem das Seine, seine • ieder het zijne

* * *

(geng; gekk, gengum; genginn), v.

1) to walk (reið jarl, en Karkr gekk);

2) to go;

ganga heim, to go home;

ganga braut, to go away;

ganga til hvílu, to go to bed;

ganga á skip, to go on board;

ganga af skipi, to go ashore;

with infin., ganga sofa or at sofa, to go to sleep;

ganga at eiga konu, to marry a woman;

3) to go about grazing, to graze (kálfrinn gekk í túni um sumarit);

4) of a ship, to run, sail (gekk skipit brátt út á haf);

5) to stretch out, extend, project (nes mikit gekk í sæ út);

6) of report, tales, to be current (litlar sögur megu ganga af hesti mínum);

7) to prevail;

gekk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter the French tongue prevailed in E.;

8) of money, to be current (peningar þeir, sem nú ganga);

of laws, to be valid (þau lög, er gengu á Uppsalaþingi);

of sickness, plague, famine, to rage (þá gekk landfarsótt, drepsótt, hallæri);

9) to go on, last (gnustu þá saman vápnin, ok gekk þat um hríð);

impers., gekk því lengi, so it went on for a long while;

10) láta ganga e-t, to let go on;

láta höggin ganga, to rain blows;

Birkibeinar létu ganga lúðrana, blew the trumpets vigorously;

11) to succeed;

ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do;

impers., svá þykt, at þeim gekk þar eigi at fara, so close, that they could not go on there;

þeim gekk ekki fyrir nesit, they could not clear the ness;

12) to turn out, go in a specified way;

ganga andæris, to go all wrong;

mart gengr verr en varir, many a thing goes worse than is looked for;

gekk þeim lítt atsókinn, they made little progress with the attack;

impers., e-m gengr vel (illa), one fares (goes on, gets on) well (badly);

13) with acc., ganga e-n á bak, to force one to go backwards (harm gengr bjöninn á bak);

14) with dat., to discharge (gekk bann þá blóði);

15) with preps. and adverbs:

ganga af e-u, to depart from, leave (þá gekk af honum móðrinn);

ganga af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits;

ganga af trú sinni, to apostatize;

to pass (síðan gengu af páskarnir);

to go off (gekk þegar af höfuðit);

to be left as surplus (þat er af skuldinni gekk);

nú gengr honum hey af, now he has some hay left;

ganga af sér, to go to extremities, to go beyond oneself (mjök ganga þeir fóstbrœðr nú af sé);

ganga aptr, to revert (return) to the former proprietor (síðan gengu þau lönd aptr undir Árna);

to be void, annulled (þá skal kaup aptr ganga);

of a ghost, to walk again; of a door, to close, shut (gekk eigi aptr hurðin);

ganga at e-m, to attack one;

ganga at e-u, to agree to, accept a choice or offer (Flosi gekk fljótt at þessu öllu); to fit (skaltu fá mér lukla þá, sem ganga at kistum yðrum);

ganga á e-t, to encroach upon (ganga á ríki e-s); to break (ganga á orð sín, eiða, grið, sættir, trygðir); to pierce, penetrate;

hann var í panzara, er ekki gekk á, that was proof against any weapons;

ganga á vald e-s or e-m, ganga á hönd (hendr) e-m, to submit to, give oneself up to, surrender to one;

ganga á bak e-u, to contravene;

ganga eptir e-u, to go for, go to fetch (göngum heim eptir verðinu); to pursue, claim;

ganga eptir, to prove true, be fulfilled (þetta gekk allt eptir, sem M. sagði fyrir);

ganga frá e-u, to part with, lose (sumir munu ganga frá öllu fénu);

ganga fram, to step forward;

ganga fram vel, to go forward bravely, in a battle;

to come to pass, come into execution (skal þess bíða, er þetta gengr fram);

to increase (fé Hall gerðar gekk fram ok gørðist allmikit);

to depart this life (H. bóndi gengr fram til frænda sinna);

ganga fyrir e-n, to present oneself before one (ganga fyrir konung);

ganga fyrir e-u, to take charge of, manage (var þar mart fólk, en húsbóndi gekk svá fyrir, at ekkert skorti); to yield to, be swayed by (hann gekk þá fyrir fortölum hennar);

ganga í gegn e-m, to set oneself against one;

ganga í gegn e-u, to confess, acknowledge;

maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðst tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away;

ganga í mál, to undertake a case;

ganga með e-m (of a woman), to marry;

ganga með barni, to be with child;

ganga með burði (of animals), to be with young;

ganga með e-u, to assist in, plead (ganga með máli, bónorði);

ganga milli (á m., í m.), to go between, intercede;

ganga móti (á m., í m.) e-m, to go to meet one;

ganga móti e-u, to resist, oppose;

to confess, = ganga í gegn, ganga við e-u;

ganga nær e-m, to be troublesome to one (þótti hón œrit nær ganga Þórgerði);

ganga e-m nær, to approach, come near to one (sá hefir á brott komizt, er næst gekk Gunnari um alla hluti);

ganga saman, to marry;

of an agreement, bargain, to be brought about;

saman gekk kaupit með þeim, they came to a bargain;

ganga sundr (í s.), to go asunder, part;

ganga til, to go up to a thing (gangit til ok hyggit at); of the wind, to veer (veðrit gekk til útsuðrs);

e-m gengr e-t til e-s, one has some reason for doing a thing;

en þat gekk mér til þess (that was my reason), at ek ann þér eigi;

hversu hefir ykkr til gengit, how have you fared?

Loka gekk lítt til, it fared ill with L.;

ganga um e-t, to go about a thing;

ganga um beina, to wait upon guests;

ganga um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker;

ganga um e-n, to befall, happen to one (þess, er um margan gengr guma); of the wind, to go round, veer (gekk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim); to manage (fékk hón svá um gengit, at);

ganga undan, to escape to absent oneself;

g. undir e-t, to take upon oneself, undertake (a duty);

ganga undir e-n, to subject oneself to;

ganga upp, to be wasted (of money);

to get loose, to he torn loose (þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir á húsinu);

of a storm, gale, to get up, rise (veðr gekk upp);

of an ice-bound river, áin var gengin upp, swollen with ice;

ganga við staf, to walk with a stick;

ganga við e-u or e-t, to avow;

ganga yfir e-t, to go beyond, disregard (hann vildi eigi ganga yfir þat, er hann vissi réttast);

ganga yfir e-n, to overcome, to befall, happen to one;

slíkt sem yfir hefir gengit, all that has happened;

eitt skal yfir okkr ganga, we shall share one fate;

16) refl., gangast.

1) walking (hann mœddist í göngu);

vera í göngu, to be on foot, to walk;

2) course (ganga tungls, vinds).

* * *

pret. gekk or gékk, 2nd pers. gékkt, mod. gékst; pl. gengu, geingu, or géngu, and an old poët. gingu; gengengu in Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sæm. Möb. 258); pres. geng, pl. göngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakktú; with the neg. suffix geng-at, gengr-at, gékk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle form göngumk firr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form gá occurs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and Dan.: [cp. Ulf. gaggan; A. S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E. gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or gå; Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have preserved the old ng, which in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry or in a special sense, e. g. in Germ. compds.]

A. To go:

I. to walk; reið jarl en Karkr gékk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grág. ii. 95, passim; ganga leiðar sinnar, to go one’s way, Fms. x. 290, Krók. 26: adding acc., g. alla leið, Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cliff; g. afréttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), Háv. 39; also g. ( to climb) í fjall, í kletta, Fms. x. 313: Icel. also say, ganga skó og sokka, to wear out shoes and socks; hann gékk tvenna skó; ganga berserks gang, q. v.

β. absol. to go a-begging, Grág. i. 226, 232, Ísl. ii. 25; ganga vergang, húsgang, id. (göngumaðr).

II. adding adverbs, infinitives, adjectives, or the like,

α. an adverb denoting direction; g. út ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i. 16, vi. 33; g. út, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to return, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, to go up, ashore; g. ofan, niðr, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g. heim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. móti, í gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g. braut, to go away; g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. frá e-m, to leave one; g. með e-m, to go with one; g. hjá, to pass by; g. saman, to go together; g. yfir, to go over; g. gegnum, to go through; g. undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before; g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about, and so on passim; g. í sæti, to go to one’s seat, take a seat, Eg. 551; g. til hvílu, to go to bed, Nj. 201; g. til matar, to go to dinner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one’s work, cp. Hm. 58; g. í kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. á fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. á skip, to go on board, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore.

β. with infin., in old poems often dropping ‘at;’ ganga sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g. at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga konu, to go to be married, Grág. i. 318.

γ. with an adj.; g. hræddr, to be afraid; g. úviss, to be in ignorance, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688.

2. in a more special sense; g. til einvígis, bardaga, to go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. á hólm (hólmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. á eintal, Nj. 103; g. til máls við e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. í glímu, to go a-wrestling, Ísl. ii. 246; g. á fang, id., Ld. 206; g. í danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brúðkaupi, to go to be married, Fms. vii. 278; g. í skóla, klaustr, to go to school, go into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skóla-genginn, a school-man, scholar), Bs. passim; g. í þjónustu, to take service, Nj. 268; g. í lið með e-m, to enter one’s party, side with one, 100; g. í lög, to enter a league with one; g. ór lögum, to go out of a league, passim; g. í félag, ór félagi, id.; g. á mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g. á hönd, g. til handa, to submit to one as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g. á vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. á hendr e-m, to encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. í skuld, to bail, Grág. i. 232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. í trúnað, to warrant, Fms. xi. 356; g. til trygða, Nj. 166, and g. til griða, to accept truce, surrender, Fas. ii. 556; g. í mál, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. í ánauð, to go into bondage, Eg. 8; g. til lands, jarðar, ríkis, arfs, to take possession of …, 118, Stj. 380, Grág., Fms. passim; g. til fréttar, to go to an oracle, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die, Fms. x. 414; g. nær, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322, Fms. xi. 240 (where reflex.); var sá viðr bæði mikill og góðr því at Þorkell gékk nær, Th. kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316.

B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense:—g. af, to depart from, go off; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þá er af honum gékk hamremin, Eg. 125, Eb. 136, Stj. 118; g. af sér, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjök g. þeir svari-bræðr nú af sér, Fbr. 32; í móti Búa er hann gengr af sér ( rages) sem mest, Fb. i. 193; þá gékk mest af sér ranglæti manna um álnir, Bs. i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af sér, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sér, to fall off, decay: to forsake, g. af trú, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af vitinu, to go out of one’s wits, go mad, Post. 656 C. 31; g. af Guðs boðorðum, Stj. passim: to pass. Páskar g. af, Ld. 200: to be left as surplus (afgangr), Rb. 122, Grág. i. 411, K. Þ. K. 92:—g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld. 58, Eb. 278, Fs. 131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um híbýli, to hunt, Landn. 107: to go back, be void, of a bargain, Gþl. 491:—g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grág. i. 51, Dipl. ii. 19 (atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at máli, to assist, help, 207: to fit, of a key, lykla þá sem g. at kístum yðrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i. 383: medic. to ail, e-ð gengr at e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if the bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc.:—g. á e-t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga á ríki e-s, Fms. i. 2; g. upp á, to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr maðr er ólofat gengr á mál þeirra, who trespasses against their measure, Grág. i. 3: to break, g. á orð, eiða, sættir, trygðir, grið, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. á bak e-u, to contravene, Ísl. ii. 382; ganga á, to go on with a thing, Grág. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, mikið gengr á, much going on; hvað gengr á, what is going on? það er farið að g. á það (of a task or work or of stores), it is far advanced, not much left:—g. eptir, to go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, Þórð. 67, Fms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. eptir e-m með grasið í skónum; vertu ekki að g. eptir stráknum; hann vill láta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fellow): to prove true, follow, hón mælti mart, en þó gékk þat sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gékk þat er mér bauð hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211:—g. fram, to go on well in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Háv. 57 (framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150, Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), fé Hallgerðar gékk fram ok varð allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gékk mjök kvikfé Skallagríms, Eg. 136, Vígl. 38: to come to pass, skal þess bíða er þetta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22: to die, x. 422:—g. frá, to leave (a work) so and so; g. vel frá, to make good work; g. ílla frá, to make bad work; það er ílla frá því gengið, it is badly done:—g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be swayed by a thing; heldr nú við hót, en ekki geng ek fyrir slíku, Fms. i. 305; þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir blíðu en stríðu, ii. 34, Fb. i. 378, Hom. 68; hvárki gékk hann fyrir blíðyrðum né ógnarmálum, Fms. x. 292; hann gékk þá fyrir fortülum hennar, Bs. i. 742: in mod. usage reflex., gangast fyrir íllu, góðu: to give away, tók hann þá at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel. now say, reflex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vide fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum þá eigi fyrnska fyrir g., N. G. L. i. 249; þá er hann sekr þrem mörkum nema nauðsyn gangi fyrir, 14; at þeim gangi lögleg forföll fyrir, Gþl. 12:—g. í gegn, to go against, to meet, in mod. usage to deny, and so it seems to be in Gþl. 156; otherwise in old writers it always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; maðr gengr í gegn, at á braut kveðsk tekit hafa, the man confessed and said that he had taken it away, Ísl. ii. 331; ef maðr gengr í gegn legorðinu, Grág. i. 340; sá goði er í gegn gékk ( who acknowledged) þingfesti hans, 20; hann iðraðisk úráðs síns, ok gékk í gegn at hann hefði saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584,—this agrees with the parallel phrase, g. við e-t, mod. g. við e-u, to confess, both in old and mod. usage, id.:—g. hjá, to pass by, to waive a thing, Fms. vi. 168:—g. með, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woman, like Lat. nubere), þú hefir þvert tekit at g. með mér, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grág. i. 178, Þiðr. 209, Gkv. 2. 27, Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. með barni, to go with child, i. 57; with acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod. usage; a mother says, sama sumarið sem eg gékk með hann (hana) N. N., (meðgöngutími); but dat. in the phrase, vera með barni, to be with child; g. með burði, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. með máli, to assist, plead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. með e-u, to confess [Dan. medgaae], Stj., but rare and not vernacular:—g. milli, to go between, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim (milli-ganga, meðal-ganga):—g. í móti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en þar gékk í móti útfalls-straumr, Eg. 600:—g. saman, to go together, marry, Grág. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a bargain, agreement, við þetta gékk saman sættin, Nj. 250; saman gékk kaupit með þeim, 259:—g. sundr, to go asunder, part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim:—g. til, to step out, come along; gangit til, ok blótið, 623. 59; gangit til, ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer, Bs. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e-ð til e-s, to purpose, intend; en þat gékk mér til þess ( that was my reason) at ek ann þér eigi, etc., Ísl. ii. 269; sagði, at honum gékk ekki ótrúnaðr til þessa, Fms. x. 39; gékk Flosa þat til, at …, Nj. 178; gengr mér meirr þat til, at ek vilda firra vini mína vandræðum, Fms. ii. 171; mælgi gengr mér til, ‘tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fms. vi. 373, vii. 258: to fare, hversu hefir ykkr til gengið, how have you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gékk lítt til, it fared ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., þat gékk svá til, it so happened, but not freq., as bera við is better, (tilgangr, intention):—g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sættir, to go between, as peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fékk hón svá um gengit, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu þér genguð um mitt góðs, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, má þat er um margan gengr; þess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of the wind, gékk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim, the wind went round and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775:—g. undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem undan gékk af hans vanrækt, Gþl. 338: to absent oneself, eggjuðusk ok báðu engan undan g., Fms. x. 238:—g. undir, to undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vígl. (in a verse): to go into one’s possession, power, Fms. vii. 207;—g. upp, to be wasted, of money, Fær. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of stones or earth-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, þeir glímdu svá at upp gengu stokkar allir í húsinu, Landn. 185; flest gékk upp þat sem fyrir þeim varð, Háv. 40, Finnb. 248; ok gékk ór garðinum upp ( was rent loose) garðtorfa frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii. 236: of a storm, gale, to get up, rise, veðr gékk upp at eins, Grett. 94, Bárð. 169; gengr upp stormr hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound river, to swell, áin var ákafliga mikil, vóru höfuðísar at báðum-megin, en gengin upp ( swoln with ice) eptir miðju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52; vötnin upp gengin, Fbr. 114; áin var gengin upp ok íll yfirferðar, Grett. 134:—g. við, in the phrase, g. við staf, to go with a staff, rest on it: with dat., g. við e-u, to avow (vide ganga í gegn above):—g. yfir, to spread, prevail, áðr Kristnin gengi yfir, Fms. x. 273; hétu á heiðin goð til þess at þau léti eigi Kristnina g. yfir landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, láta eitt g. yfir báða, to let one fate go over both, to stand by one another for weal and woe; hefi ek því heitið honum at eitt skyldi g. yfir okkr bæði, Nj. 193, 201, 204, Gullþ. 8: so in the saying, má þat er yfir margan gengr, a common evil is easier to bear, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu nú verða at segja slíkt sem yfir hefir gengið, all that has happened, Fms. xi. 240; þess gengr ekki yfir þá at þeir vili þeim lengr þjóna, they will no longer serve them, come what may, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, þeir vóru ójafnaðar menn ok ganga þar yfir alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yfirgangr): to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, þótti öllum mönnum sem hann mundi yfir allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to dash over, as spray, áfall svá mikit at yfir gékk þegar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yfir e-n, to be astonished; það gengr yfir mig, it goes above me, I am astonished.

C. Used singly, of various things:

1. of cattle, horses, to graze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svín hans gengi á Svínanesi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; kálfrinn óx skjótt ok gékk í túni um sumarit, Eb. 320; Freyfaxi gengr í dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; þar var vanr at g. hafr um túnit, Nj. 62; þar var til grass (görs) at g., Ld. 96, Grág. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22; ganganda fé, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, Ísl. ii. 401.

2. of shoals of fish, to go up, in a river or the like (fiski-ganga, -gengd); vötn er netnæmir fiskar g. í, Grág. i. 149; til landauðnar horfði í Ísafirði áðr fiskr gékk upp á Kvíarmiði, Sturl. ii. 177; fiskr er genginn inn ór álum, Bb. 3. 52.

3. of the sun, stars, vide B. above, (sólar-gangr hæstr, lengstr, and lægstr skemstr = the longest and shortest day); áðr sól gangi af Þingvelli, Grág. i. 24; því at þar gékk eigi sól af um skamdegi, Landn. 140, Rb. passim:—of a thunder-storm, þar gékk reiði-duna með eldingu, Fb. iii. 174:—of the tide, stream, water, vide B. above, eða gangi at vötn eða skriður, K. Þ. K. 78.

4. of a ship, gékk þá skipit mikit, Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; létu svá g. suðr fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lét svá g. suðr allt þar til er hann sigldi í Englands-haf, Ó. H. 149; réru nótt ok dag sem g. mátti, Eg. 88; gékk skipit brátt út á haf, Ó. H. 136.

β. to pass; kvað engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til Íslands þat sumar, Ld. 18.

II. metaph. to run out, stretch out, project, of a landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok þar af firðir stórir, Eg. 57; g. höf stór ór útsjánum inn í jörðina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njörva-sundum (the Straits of Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gékk í sæ út, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; í gegnum Danmörk gengr sjór (the Baltic) í Austrveg, A. A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn þann (Bothnia) er gengr til móts við Gandvík (the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: frá Bjarmalandi g. lönd til úbygða, A. A. 289; Europa gengr allt til endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; öllum megin gengr at henni haf ok kringir um hana, 85; þessi þinghá gékk upp ( extended) um Skriðudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjósi gékk forskáli, Dropl. 28.

2. to spread, branch out; en af því tungurnar eru ólíkar hvár annarri, þær þegar, er ór einni ok hinni sömu hafa gengit eða greinzt, þá þarf ólíka stafi í at hafa, Skálda (Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr þessi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i. e. relates to, tells of him, Fb. ii. 533; litlar sögur megu g. af hesti mínum, Nj. 90; um fram alla menn Norræna þá er sögur g. frá, Fms. i. 81.

III. to take the lead, prevail; gékk þaðan af í Englandi Valska, thereafter (i. e. after the Conquest) the Welsh tongue prevailed in England, Ísl. ii. 221; ok þar allt sem Dönsk tunga gengi, Fms. xi. 19; meðan Dönsk tunga gengr, x. 179:—of money, to be current, hundrað aura þá er þá gengu í gjöld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu álnar g. aðrar en þessar, Grág. i. 498; í þenna tíð gékk hér silfr í allar stórskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; eptir því sem gengr ( the course) flestra manna í millum, Gþl. 352:—of laws, to be valid, ok var nær sem sín lög gengi í hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; Óðinn setti lög í landi sínu þau er gengit höfðu fyrr með Ásum, Hkr. i. 13; þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi, Ó. H. 86; hér hefir Kristindóms-bálk þann er g. skal, N. G. L. i. 339; sá siðr er þá gékk, Fb. i. 71, (vide ganga yfir):—of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, þá gékk landfarsótt, bóla, drepsótt, hallæri, freq.; also impers., gékk því hallæri um allt Ísland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallæri ok hart gékk yfir fólkið, 486, v. l.; gékk sóttin um haustið fyrir sunnan land; þá gékk mest plágan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403.

IV. to go on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tókst síðan bardagi, ok er hann hafði gengit um hríð, Fs. 48: impers., hefir þessu gengit ( it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282; gékk því lengi, so it went on a long while, Grett. 79 new Ed.; gékk þessu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gékk því um hríð, 201; ok gékk því allan þann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lát því g. í allt sumar, xi. 57; gengr þessu þar til er …, Fb. i. 258.

V. denoting violence; létu g. bæði grjót ok vápn, Eg. 261; létu þá hvárir-tveggju g. allt þat er til vápna höfðu, Fms. ix. 44; láta höggin g., to let it rain blows, Úlf. 12. 40; háðung, spottyrði, hróp ok brigzl hver lét með öðrum g. á víxl, Pass. 14. 3, (vápna-gangr); Birkibeinar róa þá eptir, ok létu g. lúðrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms. ix. 50, (lúðra-gangr); láta dæluna g., to pour out bad language, vide dæla.

VI. to be able to go on, to go, partly impers.; ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 284; svá þykt at þeim gékk þar ekki at fara, they stood so close that they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; þá nam þar við, gékk þá eigi lengra, there was a stop; then it could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu þeir skipit upp eptir ánni, svá sem gékk, as far as the ship could go, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers., e. g. þeim gékk ekki fyrir nesið, they could not clear the ness; þá gengr eigi lengra, ok fella þeir þá seglið, Bs. i. 423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v. l.

VII. with adverbs; g. létt, fljótt, to go smoothly; g. þungt, seint, to go slowly; oss munu öll vápna-viðskipti þungt g. við þá, Nj. 201; þungt g. oss nú málaferlin, 181; gékk þeim lítt atsóknin, Stj. 385; at þeim feðgum hefði þá allir hlutir léttast gengit, Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, Þórir, greizlan, Ó. H. 149; g. betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gékk Ribbungum betr í fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjök kaupin, the bargain did not go well, Nj. 157, cp. ganga til (B. above):—to turn out, hversu g. mundi orrostan, 273; gékk þá allt eptir því sem Hallr hafði sagt, 256; ef kviðir g. í hag sækjanda, if the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grág. i. 87; þótti þetta mál hafa gengit at óskum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr en varir, a saying, Hm. 39; þykir honum nú at sýnu g. ( it seems to him evident) at hann hafi rétt hugsað, Fms. xi. 437; g. andæris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgöngum, to go amiss, Grág. i. 435; g. e-m í tauma, to turn false ( crooked); þat mun mér lítt í tauma g. er Rútr segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii. 269.

VIII. of a blow or the like; hafði gengit upp á miðjan fetann, the axe went in up to the middle of the blade, Nj. 209; gékk þegar á hol, 60; gékk í gegnum skjöldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530.

IX. of law; láta próf g., to make an enquiry; láta vátta g., to take evidence, D. N.

X. to be gone, be lost; gékk hér með holdit niðr at beini, the flesh was torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone, eptir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68; afli genginn, gone from strength, i. e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13.

β. gone, past; gengið er nú það görðist fyr, a ditty; mér er gengið heimsins hjól, gone for me is the world’s wheel ( luck), a ditty.

XI. used as transit. with acc.; hann gengr björninn á bak aptr, he broke the bear’s back in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok gengr hana á bak, ok brýtr í sundr í henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530.

2. medic. with dat. to discharge; ganga blóði, to discharge blood (Dan. blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius varð bráðdauðr ok gékk ór sér öllum iðrum, Ver. 47.

D. REFLEX.:

I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be corrupted; gangask í munni, of tradition; var þat löng ævi, ok vant at sögurnar hefði eigi gengisk í munni, Ó. H. pref.; má því eigi þetta mál í munni gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mættim vér ráða um nokkut, at málit gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glúm. 380:—láta gangask, to let pass. waive; lét Páll þá g. þá hluti er áðr höfðu í millum staðit, Sturl. i. 102; ef þú lætr eigi g. þat er ek kref þik, Fms. xi. 61.

2. e-m gengsk hugr við e-t, to change one’s mind, i. e. to be moved to compassion, yield; sótti hón þá svá at honum gékksk hugr við, Eb. 264; þá gékksk Þorgerði hugr við harma-tölur hans, Ld. 232; ok mun honum g. hugr við þat, svá at hann mun fyrirgefa þér, Gísl. 98; nú sem hann grét, gékksk Ísak hugr við, Stj. 167; er sendimaðr fann at Birni gékksk hugr við féit, Ó. H. 194; við slíkar fortölur hennar gékksk Einari hugr (E. was swayed) til ágirni, Orkn. 24.

II. with prepp. (cp. B. above); gangask at, to ‘go at it,’ engage in a fight; nú gangask þeir at fast, Dropl. 24, Ísl. ii. 267; gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestlers, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. flokkevis), Glúm. 354; þeir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248:—gangask fyrir, vide B. above:—gangask í gegn, at móti, to stand against, fight against; at vér látim ok eigi þá ráða er mest vilja í gegn gangask (i. e. the extreme on each side), Íb. 12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at þeir skipaði til um fylkingar sínar, hverjar sveitir móti skyldi g., i. e. to pair the combatants off, ix. 489; þeir risu upp ok gengusk at móti, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 15:—g. nær, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere), Nj. 176, Fms. xi. 240:—gangask á, to dash against one another, to split; á gengusk eiðar, the oaths were broken, Vsp. 30: to be squared off against one another, sú var görð þeirra, at á gengusk vígin húskarlanna, Rd. 288; ekki er annars getið en þeir léti þetta á gangask, i. e. they let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255:—gangask við, to grow, gain strength; áðr en við gengisk hans bæn, before his prayer should be fulfilled, x. 258; ef þat er ætlað at trúa þessi skuli við g., Nj. 162; hétu þeir fast á guðin, at þau skyldi eigi láta við garrgask Kristniboð Ólafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; þetta gékksk við um öll þau fylki, vii. 300; mikit gékksk Haraldr við (H. grew fast) um vöxt ok afl, Fb. i. 566; Eyvindr hafði mikið við gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved himself in good breeding, Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prófa hvárr þeirra meira hafði við gengisk, which of them had gained most strength, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok löngum við gengisk öfund ok rangindi, Fms. i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7:—gangask ór stað, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107.

III. in the phrase, e-m gengsk vel, ílla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53; ílls gengsk þér aldri, nema …, the evil will never leave thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless …, 65.

n. feest; doen (grammatika, gebiedende wijs), bedrog

v. doen; voldoende zijn; klaarkomen; spelen; voor de gek houden

[ doe:] 〈zelfstandig naamwoord; meervoud: ook do's〉

1 〈Brits-Engels; informeel〉 partij ⇒ feest

♦voorbeelden:

¶ do's and don'ts • wat wel en wat niet mag

→ fair fair/

————————

〈 does, did, done〉

I 〈 onovergankelijk werkwoord〉

1  doen ⇒ handelen, zich gedragen

2  het stellen ⇒ zich voelen

3  aan de hand zijn ⇒ gebeuren

4  klaar zijn ⇒ opgehouden zijn/hebben

5 geschikt/bruikbaar zijn ⇒ voldoen, volstaan

6 〈 informeel〉 het (moeten) doen ⇒ het stellen

♦voorbeelden:

1   don't! • niet doen!, schei uit!

     he did well to refuse that offer • hij deed er goed aan dat aanbod te weigeren

     she was hard done by • zij was oneerlijk behandeld

     do well/badly by someone • iemand goed/slecht behandelen

     do as you would be done by • wat u niet wilt dat u geschiedt, doe dat ook een ander niet

     〈 spreekwoord〉 do as you would be done by • wat u niet wilt dat u geschiedt, doe dat ook een ander niet

     do as you please • doe wat je wilt

     〈 spreekwoord〉 do or die • pompen of verzuipen

2   how do you do • aangenaam, hoe maakt u het

     business is doing well • de zaken gaan goed

     he is doing well • het gaat goed met hem

     do well out of selling souvenirs • aardig profiteren van het verkopen van souvenirs

3   〈 informeel〉 nothing doing • er gebeurt (hier) niets; daar komt niets van in

     〈 informeel〉 he made a pass at her, but nothing doing • hij probeerde haar te versieren, maar geen kans

     what's doing in London? • wat is er in Londen te doen?

4   have done! • schei uit!

     Jack had done with eating • Jack was klaar met eten

     have/ 〈 informeel〉 be done with someone • niets meer te maken (willen) hebben met iemand

     have done with it • er de brui aan gegeven hebben

5   this copy won't do • deze kopie is niet goed genoeg

     the dress must be made to do for a while yet • deze jurk moet nog een poosje meegaan

     it doesn't do to worry like that • het haalt niets uit je zo'n zorgen te maken

     it doesn't do to say such things • zoiets hoor je niet te zeggen

     nothing doing • het haalt niets uit

     that will do! • en nou is 't uit!

     that doesn't/won't do • dat lukt niet; daar kan ik geen genoegen mee nemen

     it will do tomorrow, tomorrow will do • morgen kan ook nog/is het ook goed

     Joan will do as my helper • Joan kan ik als mijn helper gebruiken

     that coat will do as/for a blanket • die jas kan (wel) als deken dienen

     that will do for me • dat is wel genoeg voor mij

6   that will do nicely • dat is prima

     do well/badly for something • goed/slecht voorzien zijn van iets

     he can (make) do with very little food • hij heeft maar weinig eten nodig

     they'll have to do with what they've got • ze zullen het moeten doen met wat ze hebben

     I can't do without music • ik kan niet zonder muziek

¶ 〈 informeel〉 nothing to do with • niets mee te maken

     〈 informeel〉 do away with • wegdoen/gooien, een eind maken aan; afschaffen 〈 doodstraf, instituut e.d.〉

     〈 informeel〉 do away with someone • iemand uit de weg ruimen, iemand afmaken

     〈 informeel〉 do away with oneself • zelfmoord plegen

     how does this jacket do up? • hoe gaat dit jasje dicht?

     〈Brits-Engels; informeel〉 do for someone • het huishouden doen voor iemand, werkster zijn bij iemand

     〈 informeel〉 I'm done for • ik ben er geweest, het is met mij gedaan

     〈 informeel〉 what will we do for water? • hoe komen we aan water?

     I could do with a few quid • ik zou best een paar pond kunnen gebruiken

     it's got nothing to do with you • jij staat erbuiten

     he has/ 〈 Brits-Engels〉 is something to do with • hij heeft iets te maken met

II 〈 overgankelijk werkwoord〉

1  doen 〈 iets abstracts〉

2  bezig zijn met 〈iets concreets/bestaands〉 ⇒ doen; opknappen, in orde brengen, herstellen; oplossen 〈puzzels e.d.〉; studeren 〈enz.〉

3  maken ⇒ doen ontstaan/worden

4  (aan)doen ⇒ geven, veroorzaken

5  beëindigen ⇒ afhandelen, afmaken; 〈informeel; figuurlijk〉 uitputten, kapotmaken

6 〈 culinaria〉 bereiden ⇒ klaarmaken

7  (de rol) spelen (van) 〈 ook figuurlijk〉 ⇒ 〈 bij uitbreiding〉 nadoen

8  rijden ⇒ afleggen

9 〈 informeel〉 bezoeken ⇒ bekijken, doen

10 〈 informeel〉 beetnemen ⇒ afzetten, neppen

11  handelen in ⇒ verkopen, hebben

12  ontvangen ⇒ onthalen

13 〈voornamelijk Brits-Engels; informeel〉 dienen ⇒ volstaan, schikken

14 〈 slang〉 uitzitten 〈 een straf〉

15 〈 informeel〉 overvallen ⇒ beroven

16 〈 slang〉 neuken ⇒ naaien, het doen met

♦voorbeelden:

1   do battle • slag leveren

     do one's best • zijn best doen

     do business with • zaken doen met

     do a concert • een concert geven

     do a dance • een dans uitvoeren

     do exams • examens afleggen/doen

     do hard work • hard werken

     do some skiing • een beetje skiën

     he did all the talking at the meeting • hij voerde steeds het woord op de vergadering

     do it yourself • het zelf doen; doe het zelf

     if you want to go, do it now • als je wilt gaan, doe het dan nu

     it isn't done • zoiets doet men niet

     it does something for/to me • het doet me wat, het geeft me een kick

     that embroidered M does something for/to your dress • die geborduurde M geeft je jurk net dat beetje extra

     what can I do for you? • wat kan ik voor je doen?; 〈 in winkel〉wat mag het zijn?

     well done! • goed zo!, knap gedaan!

     do something again/ 〈 Amerikaans-Engels〉 over • iets overdoen

2   I still have to do the bedroom/dishes • ik moet de slaapkamer/vaat nog doen

     do a degree • studeren voor een (universitaire) graad

     do one's duty • zijn plicht doen

     do one's face • zijn gezicht/zich opmaken

     do psychology • psychologie studeren

     they did the dining room in blue and white • zij hebben de eetkamer in blauw en wit ingericht

     do his service • in dienst zijn

     have one's teeth done • zijn tanden laten nakijken/behandelen

     do the windows • de ramen lappen

     do out • grondig onder handen nemen/schoonmaken/opruimen

     do a room over • de kamer weer eens opknappen

     do up the kitchen • de keuken opknappen

     do up (in) a parcel • een pakje maken (van)

     do a house up • een huis renoveren/restaureren

     she did her hair up • ze stak haar haar op

     do oneself up • zich opmaken, zich opdoffen

3   the storm did a lot of damage • de storm richtte heel wat schade aan

     do an omelette • een omelet bakken

     do a story • een verhaal schrijven

     do a translation • een vertaling maken

     do wonders • wonderen verrichten

4   it does her credit • het strekt haar tot eer

     do someone a favour • iemand een dienst bewijzen

     it does me good • het doet me goed

     〈 ironisch〉 much good may it do you! • veel geluk ermee!

     it does one no harm • het kan geen kwaad

5   the day was done • de dag was ten einde

     the girls were really done • de meisjes waren bekaf

     I have/ 〈 informeel〉 am done cleaning • ik ben klaar met de schoonmaak

     done in • bekaf, afgepeigerd

     〈 slang〉 do someone in • iemand van kant maken

     get done with something • iets afmaken

6   I usually do the meat in the oven • ik doe het vlees meestal in de oven

     the potatoes aren't done yet • de aardappelen zijn nog niet gaar

     how do you want your steak done? • hoe wil jij je biefstuk?

     well done • goed doorbakken 〈 van vlees〉

7   she did a perfect Thatcher • ze gaf een perfecte imitatie van Thatcher

     he did the villain • hij speelde de schurkenrol

8   do 50 mph. • 80 km/uur rijden

9   do Europe in five days • Europa bezoeken/doen in vijf dagen

10  〈Brits-Engels; slang〉 Sheila's been done (down) • Sheila heeft zich laten afzetten

     do someone for \\td100 • iemand voor honderd dollar afzetten

     do a child out of its prize • een kind zijn prijs afhandig maken

11  we don't do eggs • we verkopen geen eieren

     we do only B\\teB • we hebben enkel kamer met ontbijt

12  he does himself well • hij zorgt wel dat hij niets te kort komt

13  it will do the children for a house • het zal de kinderen tot huis dienen

15  we did a shop in Soho • we hebben een zaak in Soho overvallen

     do a place over • een woning plunderen

¶ that's done it! • gelukt!; nou is 't uit/naar de knoppen

     that does it! • dat doet de deur dicht!

     I've done it again • ik heb het weer verknoeid/verknald

     that does me • daar kan ik (met m'n pet) niet bij

     a boiled egg will do me • ik heb genoeg aan een gekookt ei

     what are you doing with yourself? • wat voer je tegenwoordig uit?

     they did not know what to do with themselves • ze verveelden zich

     if you don't stop now, I'll do you! • als je nu niet ophoudt, doe ik je wat!/dan zal ik je!

     do someone/something down • iemand/iets kleineren

     do someone down • iemand beduvelen/belazeren

     〈voornamelijk Brits-Engels; slang〉 do someone over • iemand aftuigen

     over and done with • voltooid verleden tijd

     do up a zip/a coat • een rits/jas dichtdoen

     would you do me up please • wil jij mijn rits even voor me dicht doen

III 〈 hulpwerkwoord〉

1 〈om inversie en ontkenning mogelijk te maken; onvertaald〉

2 〈als vervanging voor een eerder gebruikt werkwoord; voornamelijk onvertaald; soms〉 doen

3 〈om nadruk mogelijk te maken; voornamelijk te vertalen door een bijwoord〉

♦voorbeelden:

1   do you know him? • ken je hem?

     I don't know him • ik ken hem niet

2   he laughed and so did she • hij lachte, en zij (lachte/deed dat) ook

     I treat my friends as he does his enemies: badly • ik behandel mijn vrienden zoals hij zijn vijanden: slecht

     he worked harder than he'd ever done before • hij werkte harder dan (hij vroeger) ooit (gedaan had)

     ‘I take it it's true’ ‘So do I/But I don't’ • ‘Ik neem aan dat het waar is’ ‘Ik ook/Ik niet’

     he writes well, doesn't he? • hij schrijft goed, niet (waar)?/vind je niet?

     ‘Did you see it?’ ‘I did/I didn't’ • ‘Heb jij het gezien?’ ‘Ja/Neen’

     ‘He sold his car’ ‘Did he?’ • ‘Hij heeft zijn auto verkocht’ ‘Echt (waar)?’

     〈 informeel〉 they behave strangely, do women • ze doen rare dingen, de vrouwen

3   you did tell him • je hebt het hem wél gezegd

     I do love you • ik hou echt van je

     do come in! • kom toch binnen!

〈 het〉

1  but

♦voorbeelden:

1   altijd met maren aankomen • always bring up ifs and buts

     er is één maar aan verbonden/bij • there is one (large) but

————————

〈 bijwoord〉

1 [slechts] but ⇒ only, just

2 [inderdaad, nogal, toch] only ⇒ just

3 [met betrekking tot twijfel] only ⇒ as long as

4 [met betrekking tot een wens] (if) only

5 [aanmaning, waarschuwing] just

6 [aanhoudend] just

♦voorbeelden:

1   je hoeft maar te bellen • you only/just have to phone

     al was het maar om haar te pesten • if only to make life difficult for her

     zeg het maar: koffie of thee? • which will it be: coffee or tea?

     we konden alleen nog maar huilen • we could do nothing but cry

     hij is nog maar pas hier • he has only just arrived

     zonder ook maar goedendag te zeggen • without so much as a goodbye

     hij is maar twintig jaar (oud) geworden • he only lived to be twenty

     zij bloost al, als je maar naar haar kijkt • she blushes if you so much as look at her

     als ik ook maar een minuut te lang wegblijf • if I stay away even a minute too long

2   kom maar binnen • come on in

     laten we hem maar gelijk geven • let's just agree with him and be done with it

     dat doet hij maar al te graag • he'd be only too happy to do it

     dat komt maar al te vaak voor • that happens only/all too often

     het is misschien maar goed dat we de bus gemist hebben • perhaps it's (just) as well we missed the bus

     het is maar goed dat je gebeld hebt • it's a good thing you ^Brang

     je hebt het maar voor het zeggen • it's up to you, just say the word

3   als ik maar kan • if I (possibly) can

     ik wil wel doorgaan, als het maar klaar komt • I'm prepared to go on, as long as/so long as it's finished

4   ik hoop maar dat hij het vindt • I only hope he finds it

     was ik maar nooit getrouwd • if only I'd never married

     was ik maar dood • I wish I were dead

5   doe het nu maar • just do it

     geef het nou maar toe • you may as well admit it

     het is maar dat je het weet • as long as you know; 〈 je kunt het maar beter weten〉 it's (just) as well you know

     let maar niet op hem • don't pay any attention to him

     pas maar op • watch out/it

     schiet nou maar op • hurry up, will you?

     ik zou maar uitkijken • you'd better be careful

     en dan maar klagen dat iedereen zakt • and then go on about everybody failing

     het is maar goed ook • a good thing, too

     wees daar maar niet bang voor • rest assured that that won't happen

     rustig maar • (just) calm down

6   ze bleef maar kijken • she (just) stared and stared

     je gaat je gang maar • go ahead (and do it)

     en wij maar wachten/werken • and we just wait(ed) and wait(ed)/work(ed) and work(ed)

     het houdt maar niet op • it never seems to end

     ik vind het maar niks • I'm none too happy about it

     zij koopt maar raak • she just throws her money about

     hé daar, dat gaat zo maar niet • hey you, you can't just sit down/walk in/run off 〈enz.〉like that!

     en maar kletsen, die vrouwen • talk, talk, that's all they do, these women

¶   wat wil je drinken? geef maar een pilsje • what'll you have? a beer, please/I'll have a beer

     wat je maar wil • whatever you want

     geef dan maar een glas wijn • a glass of wine will be fine

     waarom doe je dat? zo maar • why do you do that? just for the fun of it

     dat kun je niet zo maar even doen • you can't do it just like that

     zo'n vraag kun je niet zo maar beantwoorden • one can't answer such a question offhand

     hij gaf het kind zo maar een klap • he hit the child for no reason

     zoveel als je maar wilt • as much/many as you like

————————

〈 voegwoord〉

1 [tegenstellend] but

2 [in zijdelingse tegenwerpingen] but

♦voorbeelden:

1   klein, maar dapper • small but tough

     ik had je willen bellen, maar ik wist je nummer niet • I would have phoned, but/only I didn't know your number

2   maar wacht eens even • but wait a minute

     ja maar, als dat nu niet zo is • yes, but what if that isn't true?

     maar ja, wat wil je voor vijftig gulden • but then what do you expect for fifty guilders

     maar begrijpt u dat dan niet • but don't you understand?

¶   hij keek in de koelkast, maar zag dat die leeg was • he looked in the refrigerator only to find it was empty

     nee maar! • really!

1 [bovendien] also ⇒ too

2 [evenzo, evenzeer] also ⇒ too

3 [zelfs] even

4 [als versterking] anyhow ⇒ anyway

5 [dienovereenkomstig] therefore

6 [misschien] maybe ⇒ perhaps

7 [in wenszinnen/uitroepen] again ⇒ too

♦voorbeelden:

1   zijn er ook brieven? • are there any letters?

     wat hij zegt gebeurt ook • whatever he says goes

     An was ook van de partij • Ann came along too

     mag ik ook eens wat zeggen? • may I say something too?

     ik ben er ook nog • I'm here too

     hij kookte, en heel goed ook • he did the cooking and very well too

     het is mooi, en nog goedkoop ook • it is beautiful and cheap as well

     misschien doet hij het, misschien ook niet • maybe he'll do it and (then again) maybe he won't

     hij heeft niet gewacht, en ik trouwens ook niet • he didn't wait and neither did I

     zo vreselijk moeilijk is het nu ook weer niet • it's not all that difficult (after all)

     dat hebben we ook weer gehad • so much for that, that's over and done with

     ze lust geen appels, en ook geen sinaasappels • she doesn't like apples or oranges

     niet alleen …, maar ook … • not only …, but also …

2   〈 ironisch〉 dat is ook een standpunt • that's one way of looking at it

     morgen kan ook nog • tomorrow will be all right too

     ik hou van tennis en hij ook • I like tennis and so does he

     ‘prettig weekend.’ ‘jij ook’ • ‘have a nice weekend.’ ‘(and) you too’

     ‘je bent een stommeling.’ ‘jij ook’ • ‘you're an idiot.’ ‘so are you/you too’

     ik ben ook maar een mens • I'm only human

     opa praatte ook zo • grandpa used to talk like that (too)

     mij ook goed! • suits me

     dat is ook wat moois! • 〈 ironisch〉 that's a bit much!

     dat is waar ook! • that's true, of course!; 〈 bij het plots te binnen schieten〉 oh, I almost forgot!

     zo denk ik er ook over • I feel the same way about it

3   ook Jan had het niet geweten • even John didn't know

     ook al is hij niet rijk • even though he's not rich

4   hoe jong ik ook ben … • as young as I may be/am …

     jij zegt ook maar alles, wat je voor de mond komt • you say whatever pops into your head

     alles, maar dan ook alles! • absolutely everything

     repareer het hoe dan ook • fix it however you can

     hoe het ook zij, laten we nu maar gaan • anyway, let's go now

     hoe dan ook • anyhow

     wat er ook gebeure • whatever happens, come what may

     wat je ook doet • whatever you do

     heb je je sjaal of wat je ook kwijt was gevonden? • have you found your scarf or whatever it was you had lost?

     wie (dan) ook • whoever

     ik heb zijn hulp aangenomen, ook al is die vrijwel niets waard • I have accepted his help, even though it's hardly worth anything

     hoe zeer zij zich ook inspande • as hard as she tried

5   hij is dan ook gestraft • and therefore/so he's been punished

6   heb je haar ook voorbij zien gaan? • did you see her go past by any chance?

     kun je me ook zeggen waar hij woont? • could you tell me where he lives, (please)?

7   dat gezanik ook • all that fuss (too)

     (dat is) maar goed ook! • and a good thing too!

     jij hebt ook nooit tijd! • you never have any time!

     hoe heet hij ook weer? • what was his name again?

n. het symfonisch orkest

[ soo] 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉

1 zo ⇒ waar

2  dat ⇒ het

♦voorbeelden:

1   is that really so? • is dat echt waar?

     if so • als dat zo is

2   she was chubby but not exceedingly so • ze was mollig maar niet buitenmate

     ‘She's the tallest’ ‘Yes, so she is’ • ‘Ze is de grootste’ ‘Dat is ze inderdaad’

————————

〈 voornaamwoord〉

1  dusdanig ⇒ dat

2  iets dergelijks ⇒ zo(iets)

♦voorbeelden:

1   I was born a beggar and I will die so • ik ben als bedelaar geboren en zal er als een sterven

     ‘You blundered’ ‘So I did/But so did you’ • ‘Je hebt geblunderd’ ‘Ja, inderdaad/maar jij ook’

     ‘I'm tired’ ‘So you should be’ • ‘Ik ben moe’ ‘Dat zou je ook moeten zijn’

     ‘Is Jill coming’ ‘I think so’ • ‘Komt Jill’ ‘Ik denk het/van wel’

2   six days or so • zes dagen of zo

     in June or so • in of omstreeks de maand juni

————————

〈 bijwoord〉

1 〈 wijze of graad〉zo ⇒ aldus

2 〈 emfatische graadaanduiding〉 zozeer ⇒ zo erg

3 〈 reden〉 bijgevolg ⇒ daarom, zodoende

♦voorbeelden:

1   she went so fast as she could • ze ging zo snel als ze kon

     the distance is so great that you cannot walk it in a day • het is zo ver dat je er niet in één dag naar toe kan lopen

     (would you) be so kind as to leave immediately • zou u zo goed willen zijn onmiddellijk te vertrekken

     so it is said • zo wordt er gezegd

     he presented it so • hij stelde het aldus voor

     but even so • maar toch

     (in) so far as I know • voor zover ik weet

     so far it hasn't happened • tot nu toe/tot nog toe is het niet gebeurd

     and so forth/on • enzovoort(s)

     so long as you don't tell anybody • als je 't maar aan niemand vertelt

     so much the worse • des te erger

     if so • als dat zo is

2   it's so sad • het is heel erg droevig

     〈 informeel〉 so sorry • sorry, pardon

     she's not so stupid • ze is niet zo dom

     I love you so • ik hou zo veel van je

     so many came • er kwamen er zo veel

     I can only do so much • ik kan niets bovenmenselijks doen

3   she only spoke French; so we could not understand her • ze sprak alleen Frans, en dus konden wij haar niet verstaan

     so what? • en dan?, wat dan nog?

     so here we are! • hier zijn we dan!

     so that's who did it • aha, dus die heeft het gedaan

     so there you are • daar zit je dus

¶ so far from letting him go she followed him home • ze liet hem niet gaan maar volgde hem integendeel naar huis

     〈 informeel〉 so long! • tot ziens!

     every so often • nu en dan

     so there • nu weet je het

————————

, so that, 〈 in betekenis I ook〉 so as

I 〈 onderschikkend voegwoord〉

1  zodat ⇒ opdat, om

♦voorbeelden:

1   warn her, so (that) she may avoid all danger • waarschuw haar zodat/opdat ze geen gevaar zou lopen

     be careful so you don't get hurt • pas op dat je je geen pijn doet

II 〈 nevenschikkend voegwoord〉

1  zodat ⇒ (en) dus

♦voorbeelden:

1   he's late, so (that) we can't start yet • hij is te laat, zodat we nog niet kunnen beginnen

————————

〈 tussenwerpsel〉

adj. dan

adv. toen; vervolgens, dan

n. wanneer, op dat tijdstip

[ ðen] 〈 bijvoeglijk naamwoord〉 〈 formeel〉

1  toenmalig ⇒ van toen

♦voorbeelden:

1   the then king • de toenmalige koning

————————

〈 bijwoord〉

1  toen ⇒ op dat ogenblik/moment, destijds

2  dan ⇒ (onmiddellijk) daarna, verder

3  dan (toch) ⇒ in dat geval

♦voorbeelden:

1   then this, then that • nu dit, dan weer dat

     before then • voor die tijd

     by then • dan, toen, ondertussen

     till then • tot dan, voor het zover is

     not till then • eerst dan, pas van dan af

     he was still king then • hij was in die tijd nog steeds koning

2   then they went home • daarna zijn ze naar huis gegaan

     then there are the children to look after • (en) dan zijn er nog de kinderen voor wie gezorgd moet worden

3   why did you go then? • waarom ben je dan gegaan?

¶ then and there • onmiddellijk, dadelijk

     (but) then (again) • maar aan de andere kant, (maar) per slot van rekening

     but then, why did you do it? • maar waarom heb je het dan toch gedaan?

→ now now/

adj. welk, welke

adv. wat; welk, welke; tot hoever?

conj. wat

interj. wat! (uitroep van verwondering)

n. wat

pron. wat; elk, welke; in hoeverre?

[ wot]

I 〈 vragend voornaamwoord〉

1  wat

♦voorbeelden:

1   what's the English for gezellig? • wat is gezellig in het Engels?

     what the hell/devil/ 〈enz.〉 • wat voor de duivel/drommel/ 〈enz.〉

     no matter what • hoe dan ook

     〈 informeel〉 what's his/her/ 〈enz.〉 name? • hoe heet hij/zij 〈enz.〉

     what do you call that? • hoe heet dat?

     〈 informeel〉 what d'you/d'ye call it, what you may call it • hoe-heet-het-ook-weer?, dinges

     you were going to do what? • wát ging je doen?

     books, clothes, records and what have you • boeken, kleren, platen en wat nog allemaal/en dat soort dingen

     what do you think I am? • wat denk je wel dat ik ben?

     what's it? • hoe heet het ook weer?

     what of it? • en wat (zou dat) dan nog?

     what is that to you? • wat heb jij daarmee te maken?

     what about an ice-cream? • wat zou je denken van een ijsje?

     what for? • waarom?; waarvoor?, met welk doel?

     what did he do that for? • waarom deed hij dat?

     what do you use it for? • waarvoor gebruik je het?

     what is he/it like? • wat voor iemand/iets is hij/het?

     〈 slang〉 what's with John? • wat is er met John aan de hand?

     what if I die? • stel dat ik doodga, wat dan?

     she won't mind and what if she does? • ze zal het best vinden, en zo niet, wat dan nog?

¶ 〈 informeel〉 and what not • en wat al niet, enzovoorts enzovoorts

     so what? • nou en?, wat dan nog? ook weer?

II 〈 betrekkelijk voornaamwoord〉

1  wat ⇒ dat(gene) wat, hetgeen

♦voorbeelden:

1   times are not what they were • de tijden zijn veranderd

     what's more • bovendien, meer/erger nog

     come what may • wat er ook moge gebeuren

     say what you will • wat je ook zegt

     just what I need • net wat ik nodig heb

————————

I 〈 onbepaalde determinator〉 〈 formeel〉

1  welke (ook) ⇒ die/dat

♦voorbeelden:

1   he brought what clothes he could find • hij bracht alle kleren mee die hij maar kon vinden

     what work we did was worthwhile • het beetje werk dat we deden was de moeite waard

II 〈 vragende determinator〉

1  welk(e)

♦voorbeelden:

1   what books do you read? • wat voor boeken lees je?

     who built what house? • wie heeft welk huis gebouwd?

III 〈predeterminator; graadaanduidend; in uitroepen〉

1  wat (voor) ⇒ welk (een)

♦voorbeelden:

1   what colours and what sounds! • wat een kleuren en wat een klanken!

     what a delicious meal(!) • wat een lekkere maaltijd(!)

————————

〈 tussenwerpsel〉 〈Brits-Engels; verouderd〉

1  niet waar ⇒ hé

♦voorbeelden:

1   he's a funny little fellow, what! • het is een raar mannetje, vind je niet!

1) stehen

2) (have height)

3) (be at level) [Aktien, Währung, Thermometer:] stehen (at auf + Dat.); [Fonds:] sich belaufen (at auf + Akk.); [Absatz, Export usw.:] liegen (at bei)

4) (hold good) bestehen bleiben

5) (find oneself, be)

6) (be candidate) kandidieren ( for für)

7)

8) (place oneself) sich stellen

9) (be likely)

1) (set in position) stellen

2) (endure) ertragen; vertragen [Klima]

3) (undergo) ausgesetzt sein (+ Dat.)

4) (buy)

1) (support) Ständer, der

2) (stall; at exhibition) Stand, der

3) (raised structure, grandstand) Tribüne, die

4) (resistance) Widerstand, der

5) (standing place for taxi, bus, etc.) Stand, der

- stand about

- stand aside

- stand back

- stand between

- stand by

- stand down

- stand for

- stand in

- stand out

- stand over

- stand together

- stand up

- stand up for

- stand up to

* * *

1) (to be in an upright position, not sitting or lying: His leg was so painful that he could hardly stand; After the storm, few trees were left standing.) stehen

2) ((often with up) to rise to the feet: He pushed back his chair and stood up; Some people like to stand (up) when the National Anthem is played.) (auf)stehen

3) (to remain motionless: The train stood for an hour outside Newcastle.) stehen

4) (to remain unchanged: This law still stands.) gelten

5) (to be in or have a particular place: There is now a factory where our house once stood.) stehen

6) (to be in a particular state, condition or situation: As matters stand, we can do nothing to help; How do you stand financially?) liegen

7) (to accept or offer oneself for a particular position etc: He is standing as Parliamentary candidate for our district.) bewerben

8) (to put in a particular position, especially upright: He picked up the fallen chair and stood it beside the table.) stellen

9) (to undergo or endure: He will stand (his) trial for murder; I can't stand her rudeness any longer.) ertragen

10) (to pay for (a meal etc) for (a person): Let me stand you a drink!) spendieren

1) (a position or place in which to stand ready to fight etc, or an act of fighting etc: The guard took up his stand at the gate; I shall make a stand for what I believe is right.) der Platz

2) (an object, especially a piece of furniture, for holding or supporting something: a coat-stand; The sculpture had been removed from its stand for cleaning.) der Ständer

3) (a stall where goods are displayed for sale or advertisement.) der Stand

4) (a large structure beside a football pitch, race course etc with rows of seats for spectators: The stand was crowded.) die Tribüne

5) ((American) a witness box in a law court.) der Zeugenstand

•

- take the stand

1) (time of lasting: an agreement of long standing.) die Dauer

2) (rank or reputation: a diplomat of high standing.) der Stand

•

- stand-by

- stand-in

* * *

I. NOUN

1. (physical position) Stellung f

to take up a \stand somewhere sich akk irgendwo hinstellen

2. (position on an issue) Einstellung f (on zu + dat), Ansicht f (on zu + dat)

what's her \stand on sexual equality? wie steht sie zur Gleichberechtigung?

to make a \stand against sth sich akk gegen etw akk auflehnen

to take a \stand on sth sich akk für etw akk einsetzen

it's her civic duty to take a \stand on civil rights es ist ihre Bürgerpflicht, die Bürgerrechte zu verteidigen

to take a \stand with sb jdm gegenübertreten

I had to take a firm \stand with my son and forbid him to attend that party ich musste meinem Sohn gegenüber hart bleiben und ihm verbieten, diese Party zu besuchen

3. ( form: standstill) Stillstand m

to bring sb/sth to a \stand jdm/etw Einhalt gebieten geh

4. usu pl (raised seating for spectators) [Zuschauer]tribüne f

5. (support) Ständer m

music/revolving \stand Noten-/Drehständer m

6. CHEM Stativ nt

7. (stall) [Verkaufs]stand m

candy/news \stand Süßwaren-/Zeitungsstand m

8. (for vehicles) Stand m

taxi \stand Taxistand m

9. AM (series of performances) Gastspiel nt

one-night \stand One-Night-Stand m fam

10. AM LAW

▪ the \stand der Zeugenstand

to take the \stand vor Gericht aussagen

11. MIL (resistance) Widerstand m

to make [or take] a \stand ( fig) klar Stellung beziehen

12. (group of plants)

\stand of clover Büschel nt Klee

\stand of trees Baumgruppe f

II. INTRANSITIVE VERB

1. (be upright) stehen

\stand against the wall stell dich an die Wand

\stand in front of the house stell dich vor das Haus

\stand in a straight line! stellen Sie sich in einer Reihe auf!

the team will \stand or fall by the success of their new model das Team steht und fällt mit dem Erfolg seines neuen Modells

\stand and deliver! ( dated) Hände hoch und Geld her!

to \stand to [or at] attention MIL stillstehen

to \stand guard [or watch] [over sb/sth] [bei jdm/etw] Wache halten

he felt it necessary to \stand watch over the cash box er hielt es für nötig, die Kasse im Auge zu behalten

to \stand on one's hands/head einen Hand-/Kopfstand machen

to \stand clear [or aside] aus dem Weg gehen, beiseitetreten

to \stand erect [or tall] aufrecht [o gerade] stehen

to \stand motionless regungslos dastehen

to \stand still stillstehen

2. + n (be a stated height) messen geh

he \stands over seven feet er misst über sieben Fuß

3. FOOD (remain untouched) stehen

4. (be located) liegen

an old hut stood by the river am Fluss stand eine alte Hütte

the train is \standing at platform 8 der Zug steht auf Gleis 8

to \stand in sb's way jdm im Weg stehen

to \stand in the way of sth etw dat im Weg[e] stehen [o hinderlich sein]

to \stand open offen stehen

5. (have a viewpoint)

how [or where] do you \stand on the issue of foreign policy? was ist Ihre Meinung zur Außenpolitik?

from where she \stands it seemed reasonable to ask von ihrer Warte aus schien es vernünftig zu fragen

6. + adj (be in a specified state) stehen

I never know where I \stand with my boss ich weiß nie, wie ich mit meinem Chef dran bin fam

how do you think your chances \stand of being offered the job? wie, glaubst du, stehen deine Chancen, dass man dir die Stelle anbietet?

with the situation as it \stands right now... so wie die Sache im Moment aussieht,...

to \stand high/low in sb's opinion bei jdm sehr [o hoch] /wenig [o schlecht] angesehen sein

to \stand alone beispiellos [o einzigartig] sein

to \stand aloof from sb/sth ( form) sich akk von jdm/etw distanzieren

to \stand empty [or idle] leer stehen

to \stand fast [or firm] standhaft sein

\stand firm on your decision steh fest zu deinem Entschluss

to \stand pat esp AM hart [o standfest] bleiben

to \stand second/third an zweiter/dritter Stelle stehen

to \stand accused of sth wegen einer S. gen unter Anklage stehen

to \stand accused of murder des Mordes angeklagt sein